Scientific evidence

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Scientific evidence

1. Evaluation of NobelActive™ Implants. Five-year randomized controlled prospective multi center study in 12 centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare Services AG.

2. Evaluation of NobelActive™ External Implants in Extraction Sites. Ongoing prospective multi-center study in 7 centers, Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare Services AG.

3. Evaluation of NobelActive™ Internal Implants in Extraction Sites. Ongoing prospective multi-center study in 6 centers, Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare Services AG.

NobelPerfect^®

Traditionally, endosseous implants with a flat implant-abutment interface were designed for treating completely edentulous patients with a flat bone crest due to resorption. However, the bone tissue morphology of partially edentulous jaws significantly differs from that of completely edentulous jaws. The NobelPerfect™ implant, which features a scalloped profile, was designed to mimic the scalloped irregular bony and soft tissue topography that is mostly present in situations of tooth loss adjacent to natural teeth1-3. Several case reports and case series have been presented4-14. 

Reports describing treatment of patients with a scalloped margin implant have demonstrated esthetic clinical outcomes characterized by scalloped soft tissue profiles4-7. Subjects with immediate placement of implants have shown similar enhanced first bone-to-implant contact levels when compared to the cases with delayed placement11. A retrospective evaluation of clinical performance of the NobelPerfect implant was performed and showed a stabilization of the marginal bone level slightly below the bottom corner of the implant collar15. In addition, a prospective study on 38 implants has been presented, showing a favourable implant success rate and peri-implant tissue response12.

Additional prospective multicenter studies are ongoing16, 17 for further evaluation of hard and soft tissue response to NobelPerfectTM implants; 1-year results from one of these studies demonstrated favourable soft tissue response and a cumulative survival rate of 98.4%17.

References

1. Wöhrle PS. NobelPerfect™ esthetic scalloped implant: rationale for a new design. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003; 5(suppl 1): 64-73. Abstract in PubMed

2 Wöhrle PS, Jovanovic SA. NobelPerfect™ – A biologic approach to predictable natural esthetics. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004; 4: 49-54.

3 Hanisch O, Dinkelacker W. The scalloped implant: a novel implant margin design mimicking the natural bone contour. Implantologie 2004; 12: 149-161.(German)

4 Leziy SS, Miller BA. Replacement of adjacent missing anterior teeth with scalloped implants: a case report. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2005; 17: 331-8. Abstract in PubMed

5 Rocci A, Gottlow J. Esthetic outcome of immediately loaded scalloped implants placed in extraction sites using flapless surgery. A 6-month report of 4 cases. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004; 4: 55-62.

6 Mitrani R, Adolfi D, Tacher S. Adjacent implant-supported restorations in the esthetic zone: Understanding the biology. J Esthet Restor Dent 2005; 17: 211-23. Abstract in PubMed

7 Khatami AH, Al-Ajmi M, Kleinman A. Preservation of the gingival architecture with the scalloped implant design: A clinical report. J Oral Implantology 2006; 32: 167-170. Abstract in PubMed

8 Yildirim M, Liebe J, Paland A, Spiekermann H. The “scalloped” implant. Clinical experiences with regard to functional and esthetic aspects. Implantologie 2005; 13: 279-299. (German)

9 Nowzari H, Chee W, Yi K, Pak M, Ho Chung W, Rich S. Scalloped dental implants: A retrospective analysis of radiographic and clinical outcomes of 17 NobelPerfect™ implants in 6 patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006; 8: 1-10. Abstract in PubMed

10 Wöhrle PS. Commentary on “Scalloped dental implants: A retrospective analysis of radiographic and clinical outcomes of 17 NobelPerfect™ implants in 6 patients”. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006; 8: 55-59.

11 McAllister BS. Scalloped implant designs enhance interproximal bone levels. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2007; 27: 9-15. Abstract in PubMed

12 Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K, Lieddelow G, Henry P, Goodacre CJ. Peri-implant tissue response following immediate provisional restoration of scalloped implants in the esthetic zone: A one-year pilot prospective multi-center study. J Prosthet Dent 2007; 97 (suppl) : 109-118.

13. Noelken, R., et al., Immediate function with NobelPerfect implants in the anterior dental arch. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2007. 27(3): p. 277-85.

14. Nowzari, H., et al., Immunology, microbiology, and virology following placement of NobelPerfect scalloped dental implants: analysis of a case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2008. 10(3): p. 157-65.

15. General Radiographic Evaluation of NobelPerfect implants. European J Dent Implantol, 2006. 2(Suppl.1).

16. Immediate function of NobelPerfect Groovy implants in daily use. Ongoing study in five centres. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

17. Marginal bone resoption around scalloped implants. Study in four centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB. Manuscript in preparation.

NobelDirect^®

The NobelDirect^® one-piece implant has a TiUnite^® surface for bone and soft tissue contact. The implant design makes it possible to avoid manipulation of the soft tissue after initial healing. The abutment portion of the implant is preparable, which makes it possible to create an individualized preparation borderline that follows the anatomy of the soft tissue margin, without violating the soft tissue seal. Soft tissue in contact with the TiUnite^® surface has been shown to result in a normal appearance of the periimplant mucosa and a functional epithelium attached to the surface1-3.

Case reports with excellent implant stability, esthetics and patient satisfaction in the short-term perspective has been published4-8 and reviewed9, although some reports have suggested lower success rates using this implant design10-14. Four maxillary one-piece implants placed immediately post extraction using a flapless surgical technique, and immediately provisionalized, have been evaluated after 12 months; a mean marginal bone loss of 0.50 mm, clinically preserved papillae, and optimal esthetic results were reported15.  In a study evaluating the periimplant marginal bone levels in patients with maxillary partial edentulism16, a mean bone loss of 0.27 mm during the first 9 months has been reported. Early clinical experience with NobelDirect^® implants for the restoration of single tooth defects has been reported for an observation period of 2.5 to 32 months, during which one implant failure occurred, resulting in a survival rate of 97.8%17. Forty-seven consecutively placed implants in one clinic were followed for up to 3 years. One implant failed resulting in an overall survival rate of 97.9%. The marginal bone level remained stable over time5, 18. In another single center study with 92 consecutively placed implants in 58 patients, no implant failure occurred. After a mean time of 17 months, healthy soft tissue conditions were present with the average bone level positioned at the first thread19.

A retrospective evaluation of the clinical performance of the NobelDirect^® implant was performed on 1009 consecutively placed implants in 25 clinics. The evaluation demonstrated an overall survival rate of 98.2% with stable marginal bone levels over time20.

Additional prospective multicenter studies21-25 are ongoing for further evaluation of the hard and soft tissue response to NobelDirect^® implants; 1-year results from one of these studies demonstrate a mean marginal bone level slightly above the first thread and a 98.7% cumulative implant survival rate21. The 2-year results from this study show stable margin bone level22 which is sustained at the 3-year follow-up visit26.

References

1. Glauser, R., et al., Machined and oxidized micro-implants retrieved from humans: a comparison using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography. . Clin Oral Implants Res, 2002. 13(4): p. Abstract 64.

2. Glauser, R., et al., Periimplant soft tissue barrier at experimental one-piece mini-implants with different surface topography in humans: A light-microscopic overview and histometric analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005. 7 Suppl 1: p. S44-51.

3. Schupbach, P. and R. Glauser, The defense architecture of the human periimplant mucosa: a histological study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007. 97(6 Suppl): p. S15-25.

4. Hahn, J., One-piece root-form implants: a return to simplicity. J Oral Implantol, 2005. 31(2): p. 77-84.

5. Hahn, J., Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of One-piece Implants Used for Immediate Function. J Oral Implantol, 2007. XXXIII(3): p. 152-155.

6. Pompa, G., G. Mancini, and I. Vozza, Immediate loading on single NobelDirect implant. Case report. Minerva Stomatol, 2006. 55(4): p. 241-7.

7. McAllister, B.S., Scalloped implant designs enhance interproximal bone levels. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2007. 27(1): p. 9-15.

8. Swart, L.C. and D.J. van Niekerk, Simplifying the implant treatment for an unrestorable premolar with a one-piece implant: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent, 2008. 100(2): p. 81-5.

9. Rompen, E. and B. Touati, One-piece implant systems and bone remodeling. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent, 2006. 18(3): p. 183-5.

10. Ostman, P.O., et al., Direct loading of Nobel Direct and Nobel Perfect one-piece implants: a 1-year prospective clinical and radiographic study. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2007. 18(4): p. 409-18.

11. Albrektsson, T., et al., Survival of NobelDirect implants: an analysis of 550 consecutively placed implants at 18 different clinical centers. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2007. 9(2): p. 65-70.

12. Sennerby, L., et al., Short-term clinical results of Nobel Direct implants: a retrospective multicentre analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2008. 19(3): p. 219-26.

13. Sennerby, L. and J. Gottlow, Clinical outcomes of immediate/early loading of dental implants. A literature review of recent controlled prospective clinical studies. Aust Dent J, 2008. 53 Suppl 1: p. S82-8.

14. Van de Velde, T., et al., Two-Year Outcome with Nobel Direct(R) Implants: A Retrospective Radiographic and Microbiologic Study in 10 Patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2008.

15. Volpe, S., et al., Immediate placement and provisionalizationof single implants. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2005. 16(4): p. EAO Abstract 74.

16. Vozza, I., et al., Evaluation of periimplant marginal bone on immediately loaded bridge restoration. IADR, 2005(March): p. Abstract #2076.

17. Parel, S.M. and S.R. Schow, Early clinical experience with a new one-piece implant system in single tooth sites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2005. 63(9 Suppl 2): p. 2-10.

18. Hahn, J., Clinical evaluation of one-piece implants used for immediate function. A preliminary report of bone level up to 2-year. European J Dent Implantol, 2006. 2:1 (suppl).

19. Siepenkothen, T., Clinical performance and radiographic evaluation of a novel single-piece implant in a private practice over a mean of seventeen months. J Prosthet Dent, 2007. 97(6 Suppl): p. S69-78.

20. Siepenkothen, T., Multiple Center Clinical and radiographic Evaluation of One-piece Implants. A Retrospetive 6-year Evaluation. European J Dent Implantol, 2006. suppl.1.

21. Finne, K., E. Rompen, and J. Toljanic, Clinical evaluation of a prospective multicenter study on 1-piece implants. part 1: marginal bone level evaluation after 1 year of follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007. 22(2): p. 226-34.

22. Finne, K., E. Rompen, and J. Toljanic, Prospective multicenter study of marginal bone level and soft tissue health of a one-piece implant after two years. J Prosthet Dent, 2007. 97(6 Suppl): p. S79-85.

23. Clinical evaluation of NobelDirect implants diameter 3 mm. Ongoing study in four centers. Clinical Research Department, NobelBiocare AB.

24. 3-year clinical evaluation of NobelDirect implants in daily use. Ongoing study in four centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

25. 3-year clinical evaluation of NobelDirect Groovy implants in daily use. Ongoing study in four centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

26. 3-year clinical evaluation of one-piece implants. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB. Manuscript in preparation.

 

NobelReplace™

Clinical studies on Replace^® Tapered and Straight Implants

The Replace^® implants are available with either a straight or a tapered body. The documentation referred to below consists of articles and abstracts published, or in preparation for publication, in scientific journals.

Straight implant body design

The Replace^® Select Straight implants and NobelReplace™ Straight Groovy implants were introduced on the market in 2002 and 2005, respectively. These implant systems have the same body design as the Brånemark System^® implants, which are extensively documented in many long-term (up to 20 years follow-up), prospective clinical studies (1).

Tapered implant body designs

The Replace^® tapered implant body design is documented in several clinical studies (2-10). The Replace^® Select Tapered implant with a TiUnite^® surface was introduced on the market in 2002. This implant has a tapered implant design where the threaded part has a TiUnite^® surface and the collar has a machined surface. In the published studies on Replace^® Select Tapered TiUnite^®, single stage surgery and immediate function were applied and the implants were often placed directly into extraction sockets (11-22). The results show high cumulative implant survival rates, between 97 and 100%, after up to 3 years of prosthetic loading. In June 2005, NobelReplace™ was introduced. This implant has the same implant body as the Replace^® Select with the additional features of TiUnite^® surface on the entire implant body and grooves on threads and collar. Clinical studies on NobelReplace™ are currently ongoing and one manuscript has been submitted (23-26). Also here the result show high cumulative implant survival rate of 98% after 1 year of prosthetic loading (26).

References

1. See Facts, Figures & Links, Brånemark System

2. Anner R, Better H, Chaushu G. The clinical effectiveness of 6 mm diameter implants. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1013-1015

3. Callan D, Hahn J, Hebel K, Kwong-Hing A, Smiler D, Vassos D, Wöhrle P, Zosky J. Retrospective multicenter study of an anodized, tapered, diminishing thread implant: Success rate at exposure. Implant Dent 2000; 9:329-336

4. Groisman M, Frossard WM, Ferreira HM, de Menezes Filho LM, Touati B. Single-tooth implants in the maxillary incisor region with immediate provisionalization: 2-year prospective study. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2003 Mar;15(2):115-22, 124

5. Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada J. Immediate placement and provisionalization of maxillary anterior single implants: 1-year prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac implants 2003; 18:31-39

6. Kirketerp P, Andersen J B, Urde G. Replacement of extracted anterior teeth by immediately loaded Replace Select HA-coated implants. A one-year follow-up of 35 patients. Applied Osseointegration Research 2002; 3:40

7. Proussaefs P, Kan J, Lozada J, Kleinman A Farnos A. Effects of immediate loading with threaded hydroxyapatite-coated root-form implants on single premolar replacement: A preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002; 17:567-572

8. Proussaefs P, Lozada J. Immediate loading of hydroxyapatite-coated implants in the maxillary premolar area: three-year results of a pilot study. J Prosthet Dent. 2004 Mar;91(3):228-33

9. Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Kan JY, Kim JS, Campagni WV, Munoz CA. Peri-implant response of immediately loaded, threaded, HA-coated implants: 1-year results. J Prosthet Dent 2002; 87:173-81

10. Wöhrle PS. Single tooth replacement in the aesthetic zone with immediate provisionalization. Fourteen consecutive case reports. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1998; 9:1107-1114

11. Achilli A, Tura F, Euwe E. Immediate/early function with tapered implants supporting maxillary and mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures: Preliminary results of a prospective multicenter study. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97:S52-S58.

12. Azzola F, Tassera C, Folgatti C, Antifora A, Francetti L. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate nobel biocare replace implant system. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007; 18(5)Abstract 107

13. Calandriello R, Tomatis M. Simplified treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla via immediate/early function and tilted implants: a prospective 1-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7(Suppl 1):1–12

14. Chaussé L. Immediate loading of mandibular short implants: 24 cases at 42 months. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4), Abstract 115

15. De Rouck T, Collys K, Cosyn J. Immediate single-tooth implants in the anterior maxilla: a 1-year case cohort study on hard and soft tissue response. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35: 649-657.

16. Henry-Savajol O, Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K. Mise en esthétique immédiate des prémolaires maxillaires sur implants unitaires: etude prospective de 18 moins. Immediate provisional restorations on single maxillary premolar implants: 18-months prospective study. Journal de Parodontologie & dÍmplantologie Orale. 2006; 25: 119-126.

17. Kancyper, Baffa, Cagnone, Closal, Rodriguez, Troiano, El-Ebrashi. Immediate loading of implants for single-tooth replacement: A multicenter prospective study of Replace Select implants. Abstract P-99, 19th Annual Meeting 2004, Academy of Osseointegration.

18. Rao W, Benzi R. Single mandibular first molar implants with flapless guided surgery and immediate function: Preliminary clinical and radiographic study. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97:S3-S14.

19. Umezu K, Kan J, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL. Immediate loading of maxillary single premolar using the Replace TiUnite implants: Preliminary report of a prospective study. Abstract O-17, 19th Annual Meeting 2004, Academy of Osseointegration.

20. Östman PO, Hellman M, Sennerby L. Direct implant loading in the edentulous maxilla using a bone density–adapted surgical protocol and primary implant stability criteria for inclusion. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7(Suppl 1):60–69

21. Bahat O. Tapered titanium oxide coated implants placed into maxillary compromised bone: a prospective study of 290 implants in 126 consecutive patients followed for 3 years after implant loading. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants (Submitted)

22. Fischer K, Bäckström M, Sennerby L. Immediate and early loading of oxidized tapered implants in the partially edentulous maxilla: a 1-year prospective clinical, radiographic, and resonance frequency analysis study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2008 (A head of publication)

23. A pilot study evaluating a modified Replace Select Tapered implant. Study in 1 center. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare.

24. Clinical evaluation of the Nobel Replace Tapered Groovy Implant. Ongoing study in 8 centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare.

25. Pilot study: effect of curvy esthetic abutments on soft tissue stability in partially edentulous sites in the posterior maxilla and mandible. Ongoing study in one center. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare.

26. Kielbassa AM, Martinez-de Fuentes R, Goldstein M, Arnhart C, Barlattani A, Jackowski J, Knauf M, Lorenzoni M, Maiorana C, Mericske-Stern R, Rompen E, Sanz M. Randomized controlled trial on a novel tapered, variable thread implant design versus a standard tapered implant. Interim one-year results. J Prosthet Dent (Submitted)

Brånemark System^® Zygoma

The Brånemark System^® Zygoma implant concept presents a non-grafting alternative for the treatment of patients with extreme resorption of the maxillary bone. The zygoma implant design and placement protocols have been described in various publications (1-9). Other reports have focused on anatomical site evaluations for the placement of zygoma implants, image-based planning procedures, and clinical validations of implant placement using drill guides (8-17.)

Clinical studies have been performed with clinical success rates of 82–100% with follow-up periods of up to 5 years (11-12,18-49). Placement of multiple (2–4) zygoma implants in the same os zygomaticus (50-54), as well as immediate loading of zygoma implants (12,21-23,26,29,30) has also been reported. Sinoscopy performed in patients with zygoma implants showed no signs of infection or inflammation in the surrounding mucosa (28,55).

Zygoma implants have also been used with good results for retention of extra-oral prostheses (56).
A prospective multicenter study is ongoing for further evaluation of the Brånemark System^® Zygoma implant (33,57).

References

1 Bedrossian E, Strumpel LJ. Immediate stabilization at stage II in zygomatic implants: rationale and technique. J Proshet Dent 2001;86:10-14. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

2 Boyes-Varley JG, Howes DG, Lownie JF, Blackbeard GA. Surgical modifications to the Brånemark zygomaticus protocol in the treatment of the severely resorbed maxilla: a clinical report. J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003; 18:232-237. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

3 Boyes-Varley JG, Howes DG, Lowine JF. The zygomaticus implant protocol in the treatment of severely resorbed maxilla. SADJ 2003;58:106-109, 113-114. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

4 Higuchi KI. The zygomaticus fixture: an alternative approach for implant anchorage in the posterior maxilla. Ann Roy Australas Coll Dent Surg 2000;15:28-33. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

5 Malevez C, Daelemans P, Adriaenssens P, Durdu F. Use of zygomatic implants to deal with resorbed posterior maxillae. Periodontology 2000. 2003;33:82-89. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

6 Stella PJ, Warner MR. Sinus slot technique for simplification and improved orientation of zygomatic dental implants: a techniqual note. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:889-893. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed</</em>

7 [No authors listed] Inroads in implantology: managing the severely resorbed maxillary alveolus. SADJ 2000;55:120-121. em>

8 Vrielinck L, Politis C, Schepers S, Pauwels M, Naert I. Image-based planning and clinical validation of zygoma and pterygoid implant placement in patients with severe bone atrophy using customized drill guide. Preliminary results from a prospective clinical follow-up study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;32:7-14. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

9 van Steenberghe D, Malavez C, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Serhal CB, Dhoore E, Schutyser F, Suetens P, Jacobs R. Accuracy of drilling guides for transfer from three-dimantional CT-based planning to placement of zygoma implants in human cadavers. Clin Oral Impl Res 2003;14:131-136. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

10 Abarca M, Nejadnik S, Daelemans P, Malevez C. Reconance frequency measurements of zygomatic implant stability. Preliminary results. Clin Oral Impl Res 2003; 14:xxix.

11 Bedrossian E, Stumpel L, Beckely M, Indersano T. The zygomatic implant: preliminary data on treatment of severely resorbed maxillae. A clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17:861-865. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

12 Chow J, Hui E, Lee PK, Li W: Zygomatic implants--protocol for immediate occlusal loading: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:804-811. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

13 Kato Y, Kizu Y, Tonogi M, Ide Y, Yamane G-y. Internal structure of zygomatic bone related to zygomatic fixture. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63:1325-1329. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

14 Nkenke E, Hahn M,Lell M, Schultze-Mosgau S, Stech B, Neukam FW. Anatomic site evaluation of the zygoma for dental implant placement. Clin Oral Impal Res 2001;12:411.

15 Nkenke E, Hahn M, Lell M, Wiltfang J, Schultze-Mosgau S, Stech B, Radespiel-Tröger M, Neukam FW. Anatomic site evaluation of the zygomatic bone for dental implant placement. Clin Oral Impl Res 2003;14:72-79. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

16 Rigolizzo MB, Camilli JA, Francischone CE, Padovani CR, Brånemark P-I. Zygomatic bone: anatomic bases foe osseointegrated implant anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:441-447. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

17 Wu YQ, Zhang ZY, Zhang CP, Huang W, Sun J, Zhang ZY. (The installation of zygomatic implants and drilling guide). Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;41(3):140-3.

18 Ahlgren F, Storksen K, Tornes K: A study of 25 zygomatic dental implants with 11 to 49 months’ follow-up after loading. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21:421-425. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

19 Al-Nawas B, Wegener J, Bender C, Wagner W. Clinical soft tissue parameters of the zygomatic implant. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:497-500. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

20 Aparicio C, Ouazzani W, Garcia R, Arevalo X, Muela R, Fortes V: A prospective clinical study on titanium implants in the zygomatic arch for prosthetic rehabilitation of the atrophic edentulous maxilla with a follow-up of 6 months to 5 years. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006;8:114-122. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

21 Balshi S, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. Analysis of 164 titanium oxide-surface implants in completely edentulous arche for fixed prosthesis anchorage using pterygomaxillary region. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:946-952. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

22 Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ. Teeth in a Day^® for the maxilla and mandible: case report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:11-16. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

23 Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ. Immediate loading of dental implants in the edentulous maxilla: case study of a unique protocol. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2003;23:37-45. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

24 Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ. Treatment of congenital ectodermal dysplasia with zygomatic implants: a case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17:277-281. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

25 Becktor JP, Isaksson S, Abrahamsson P, Sennerby L. Evaluation of 31 zygomatic implants and 74 regular dental implants used in 16 patients for prosthetic reconstryction of the atrophic maxilla with cross-arch fixed bridges. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7:159-165. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

26 Bedrossian E, Rangert B, Stumpel L, Indresano T. Immediate Function™ with the zygomatic implant: a graftless solution for the patient with mild to advanced atrophy of the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2006;21(6):937-42. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

27 Bergendahl T, Nilsson P, Kanje M, Fåhraeus J. Evaluation of patients treated with zygoma implants supporting fixed prostheses: preliminary results from 40 patients after 2 years. Int J prosthodont 2006;19:24.

28 Brånemark PI, Gröndahl K, Öhrnell L-O, Nilsson P, Petruson B, Svensson B, Engstrand P, Nannmark U. The zygoma option. Clinical procedure and long-term results. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2004;38:70-85. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

29 Davò Rodriguez R, Rojas J. Immediate Function™ in the atrophic upper jaw: the Zygoma Fixture. EAO 2006 Abstract 88 Clin Oral Impl Res 2006; 17 (4):1.

30 Davò Rodriguez R, Malevez C, Rojas J. Immediate Function™ in atrophic upper jaw using Zygoma implants. Submitted to J Prosth Dent 2007 Suppl

31 Farzad P, Andersson L, Gunnarsson S, Johansson B: Rehabilitation of severely resorbed maxillae with zygomatic implants: an evaluation of implant stability, tissue conditions, and patients' opinion before and after treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21:399-404. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

32 Ferrara ED, Stella JP. Restoration of the edentulous maxilla: the case for the zygomatic implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:1418-1422.

33 Hirsch J-M, Öhrnell L-O, Henry PJ, Andreasson L, Brånemark P-I, Chiapasco M, Grynther G, Finne K, Higuchi KW, Isaksson S, Kahnberg K-E, Malevez C, Neukam FW, Sevetz E, Urgell JP, Widmark G, Bolind P. A clinical evaluation of the zygoma fixture. One year follow-up at 16 clinics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:22-29. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

34 Landes CA. Zygoma implant-supported midfacial prosthetic rehabilitation: a 4-year follow-up study including assessment of quality of life. Clin Oral Impl Res 2005;16:313-325. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

35 Malevez C, Abarca M, Durdu F, Daelemans P. Clinical outcome of 103 consecutive zygomatic implants:a 6-48 months follow-up study. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15:18-22. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

36 Nakai H, Okazaki Y, Ueda M. Clinical application of zygomaticus implants for severely resorbed maxilla. Clin Oral Impl Res 2001;12:410.

37 Patel RR, Brook MI, Wragg PF. Zygoma implants or sinus augmentation and conventional implants? Clin Oral Impl Res 2003;14:xxxix.

38 Peñarrocha-Diago M, Uribe-Origone R, Rambla-Ferrer J, Guarino-Carbó J.Fixed rehabilitation of a patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia using zygomatic implants. Oral Surg Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:161-5. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

39 Peñarrocha-Diago M, Uribe-Urigone R, Guarinos-Carbó J. Implant-supported rehabilitation of the severely atrophic maxilla: A clinical report. J Prosthodont 2004;13:187-191. Abstract in PubMed Abstract in PubMed

40 Peñarrocha-Diago M, Boronat A, Cervera R, Garcia B: Fixed ceramometallic prostheses over anterior and transzygomatic implants by using the sinus slot technique--report of a case. J Oral Implantol 2006;32:38-40. Abstract in PubMed

41 Peñarrocha M, Uribe R, García B, Martí E. Zygomatic implants using the sinus slot technique: clinical report of patient series. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:788-792. Abstract in PubMed

42 Pham AV, Abaraca M, De Mey A, Malevez C. Rehabilitaion of a patient with cleft lip and palate with extremely edentulous atrophied posterior maxilla using zygomatic implants: case report. Cleft Platae Craniofac J. 2004;41:571-574. Abstract in PubMed

43 Salinas TJ. Extended-length implants for reconstruction of the edentulous maxilla. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2001;13:608. Abstract in PubMed

44 Sevetz EB Jr. Treatment of the severely atrophic fully edentulous maxilla: the zygoma implant option. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2006;14(1):121-36. Abstract in PubMed

45 Sorní M, Guarinos J, Peñarrocha M. Implants in anatomical buttresses of the upper jaw. Med Oral Patol Cir Bucal 2005;10:163-168. Abstract in PubMed

46 Stevenson ARL, Austin BW. Zygomatic fixtures-the Sidney experience. Ann Roy Australas Coll Dent Surg 2000;15:337-339. Abstract in PubMed

47 Tamura H, Sasaki K, Watahiki R. Primary insertion of implants in the zygomatic bone following subtotal maxillectomy. Bull Tokyo dent Coll 2000;41:21-24. Abstract in PubMed

48 Weischer T, Schettler D, Mohr C. Titanium implants in the zygoma as retaining elements after hemimaxillectomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:211-214. Abstract in PubMed

49 Zwahlen RA, Gratz KW, Oechslin CK, Studer SP: Survival rate of zygomatic implants in atrophic or partially resected maxillae prior to functional loading: a retrospective clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21:413-420. Abstract in PubMed

50 Balshi T, Wolfinger GJ, Petropoulos VC. Quadruple zygomatic implant support for retreatment of resorbed iliac crest bone graft transplant. Implant Dent 2003;12:47-53. Abstract in PubMed

51 Bothur S, Jonsson G, Sandahl L. Modified technique using multiple zygomatic implants in reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla: a technical note. Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:902-904. Abstract in PubMed

52 Nakai H, Okazaki Y, Ueda M. Clinical application of zygomatic implants for rehabilitation of the severely resorbed maxilla: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:566-570. Abstract in PubMed

53 Parel SM, Brånemark P-I, Ohrnell L-O, Svensson B. Remote implant anchorage for the rehabilitation of maxillary defects. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:277-381. Abstract in PubMed

54 Schmidt BL, Pogrel MA, Young CW, Sharam A. Reconstruction of extencive maxillary defect using zygomaticus implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:82-89. Abstract in PubMed

55 Petruson B. Sinoscopy in patients with titanium implants in the nose and sinuses. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2004;38:86-93. Abstract in PubMed

56 Bowden JR, Flood TR, Downie IP: Zygomaticus implants for retention of nasal prostheses after rhinectomy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;44:54-56. Abstract in PubMed

57 A clinical evaluation of the Zygoma implant. Three years follow-up at 16 clinics. In manuscript. Ongoing study in 16 centers. Clinical Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

Brånemark System Facts & Figures

Brånemark System^® is synonymous with the revolution in dental care with the introduction of safe and effective implants. Professor Brånemark, it's inventor, has always put the patient in focus and ensured the outcome with meticulous clinical evidence. The first patient was treated in 1965, and Brånemark System^® is today the most used and documented implant system on the market. More than 1000 articles, published in scientific journals, report on the use and the excellent outcome of Brånemark System^® implants.

A dominating position

In a published review (6) on prospective, long-term  clinical studies, Brånemark System^® had a dominating position; more than 50% of the reviewed articles reported on studies performed with Brånemark System^® implants.

1 Andersson B, Ödman P, Lindvall A-M, Brånemark P-I. Cemented single crowns on osseointegrated implants after 5 years: Results from a prospective study on CeraOne. Int J Prosthodont 1998;11:212-8 Abstract in PubMed

2 Andersson B, Ödman P, Lindvall A-M, Brånemark P-I. Five-year prospective study of prosthodontic and surgical single-tooth implant treatment in general practices and at a specialist clinic. Int J Prosthodont 1998;11:351-5. Abstract in PubMed

3 Attard NJ, Zarb GA. Implant prosthodontic management of partially edentulous patients missing posterior teeth: The Toronto experience. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:352-9. Abstract in PubMed

4 Attard NJ, Zarb GA. Long-term treatment outcomes in edentulous patients with implant-fixed prostheses: The Toronto study. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:417-24. Abstract in PubMed

5 Attard NJ, Zarb GA. Long-term treatment outcomes in edentulous patients with implant overdentures: The Toronto study. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:425-33. Abstract in PubMed

6 Berglundh T, Persson L, Klinge B. A systematic review of the incidence of biological and technical complications in implant therapy reported in prospective longitudinal studies of 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29 (suppl 3):197-212. Abstract in PubMed

7 Bergendal T, Engquist B. Implant-supported overdentures: A longitudinal prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13:253-62. Abstract in PubMed

8 Carlsson GE, Lindquist LW, Jemt T. Long-term marginal periimplant bone loss in edentulous patients. Int J Prosthodont 2000;13:295-302. (See also reference Ekelund JA et al 2003) Abstract in PubMed

9 Ekelund JA, Lindquist L, Carlsson G, Jemt T. Implant treatment in the edentulous mandible: A prospective study on Brånemark System^® implants over more than 20 years. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16:602-8. Abstract in PubMed

10 Eliasson A, Palmqvist S, Svenson B, Sondell K. Five-year results with fixed complete-arch mandibular prostheses supported by 4 implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:505-10. Abstract in PubMed

11 Ericsson I, Randow K, Nilner K, Peterson A. Early functional loading of Brånemark dental implants: 5-year clinical follow-up study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2000;2:70-7. Abstract in PubMed

12 Friberg B, Nilson H, Olsson M, Palmquist C. MkII: the self-tapping Brånemark implant. 5-year results of a prospective 3-center study. Clin Oral Impl Res 1997;8:279-85. Abstract in PubMed

13 Glauser R, Zembic A, Ruhstaller P, Windisch S. Five-year results of implants with an oxidized surface placed predominantly in soft bone and subjected to immediate occlusal loading. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97 (suppl): 59-68.

14 Gunne J, Åstrand P, Lindh T, Borg K, Olsson M. Tooth-implant and implant supported fixed partial dentures: a 10-year report. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12:216-21. Abstract in PubMed

15 Hemmings KW, Schmitt A, Zarb GA. Complications and maintenance requirements for fixed prostheses and overdentures in the edentulous mandible: A 5-year report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994;9:191-6. (See also reference Attard NJ & Zarb GA 2004) Abstract in PubMed

16 Henry PJ, Laney WR, Jemt T, Harris D, Krogh PHJ, Polizzi G, Zarb GA, Herrmann I. Osseointegrated implants for single-tooth replacement: A prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:450-5. Abstract in PubMed

17 Jemt T. Fixed implant-supported prostheses in the edentulous maxilla. A five-year follow-up report. Clin Oral Impl Res 1994;5:142-7. Abstract in PubMed

18 Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J, Heath M R, Hutton J E, Johns R B, McKenna S, McNamara D C , van Steenberghe D, Taylor R, Watson R M, Herrmann I. A 5-year prospective multi-center follow-up report on overdentures supported by osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:291-8.(See also reference Watson RM et al 1997) Abstract in PubMed

19 Jemt T, Bergendal B, Arvidson K, Bergendal T, Karlsson U, Lindén B, Rundcrantz T, Wendelhag I. Implantsupported welded titanium frameworks in the edentulous maxilla: A 5-year prospective multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15:544-8. Abstract in PubMed

20 Jemt T, Lekholm U. Oral implant treatment in posterior partially edentulous jaws: A 5-year follow-up report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:635-40. Abstract in PubMed

21 Jemt T, Henry P, Lindén B, Naert I, Weber H, Wendelhag I. Implant-supported laser-welded titanium and conventional cast frameworks in the partially edentulous jaw: A 5-year prospective multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16:415-21. Abstract in PubMed

22 Lekholm U, van Steenberghe D, Herrmann I, Bolender C, Folmer T, Gunne J, Henry P, Higuchi K, Laney WR, Lindén U. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of partially edentulous jaws: A prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994;9:627-635.

23 Lekholm U, Gunne J, Henry P, Higuchi K, Lindén U, Bergström C, van Steenberghe D. Survival of the Brånemark Implant in partially edentulous jaws: A 10-year prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:639-45. Abstract in PubMed

24 Lindquist LW, Carlsson GE, Jemt T. A prospective 15-year follow-up study of mandibular fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants. Clinical results and marginal bone loss. Clin Oral Impl Res 1996;7:329-36. (See also reference Ekelund JA et al 2003) Abstract in PubMed

25 Naert I, Gizani S, Vuylsteke M, van Steenberghe D. A 5-year randomized clinical trial on the influence of splinted and unsplinted oral implants in the mandibular overdenture therapy. Part I: Peri-implant outcome. Clin Oral Impl Res 1998;9:170-7. Abstract in PubMed

26 Naert I, Alsaadi G, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. A 10-year randomized clinical trial on the influence of splinted and unsplinted oral implants retaining mandibular overdentures: peri-implant outcome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004; 19: 695-702. Abstract in PubMed

27 Olsson M, Gunne J, Åstrand P, Borg K. Bridges supported by free-standing implants versus bridges supported by tooth and implant. A five-year prospective study. Clin Oral Impl Res 1995;6:114-21. (See also reference Gunne J et al 1999) Abstract in PubMed

28 Polizzi G, Fabbro S, Furri M, Herrmann I, Squarzoni S. Clinical application of narrow Brånemark System^® implants for single-tooth restorations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:496-503. Abstract in PubMed

29 Scheller H, Pi Urgell J, Kultje C, Klineberg I, Goldberg PV, Stevenson-Moore P, Alonso JMN, Schaller M, Corria RM, Engquist B, Toreskog S, Kastenbaum F, and Smith CR. A 5-year multicenter study on implant-supported single crown restorations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13:212-8. Abstract in PubMed

30 Watson RM, Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J, Heath MR, Hutton JE, Johns RB, Lithner B, McKenna S, McNamara DC, Naert I, Taylor R. Prosthodontic treatment, patient response, and the need for maintenance of complete implantsupported overdentures: An appraisal of 5 years of prospective study. Int J Prosthodont 1997;10:345-54. Abstract in PubMed

31 Wyatt CCL, Zarb GA. Treatment outcomes of patients with implant-supported fixed partial prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13:204-11. Abstract in PubMed

32 Zarb GA, Schmitt A. The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants: The Toronto study. Part I: Surgical results. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:451-7; Part II: The prosthetic results. J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:53-61; Part III: Problems and complications encountered. J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:185-94. (See also reference Attard Nj & Zarb GA 2004) Abstract in PubMed

33 Zarb GA, Schmitt A. Osseointegration and the edentulous predicament. The 10-year-old Toronto study. Br Dent J 1991;170:439-44. (See also reference Attard NJ & Zarb GA 2004) Brånemark System^® facts & figures 19 Abstract in PubMed

34 Zarb GA, Schmitt A. The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in anterior partially edentulous patients. Int J Prosthodont 1993;6:180-8. Abstract in PubMed

35 Zarb GA, Schmitt A. The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in posterior partially edentulous patients. Int J Proshtodont 1993;6:189-96. Abstract in PubMed

36 Åstrand P, Engquist B, Dahlgren S, Gröndahl K, Engquist E, Feldmann H. Astra Tech and Brånemark System^® implants: a 5-year prospective study of marginal bone reactions. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15:413-20. Abstract in PubMed

37 Örtorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experiences of computer numeric control-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: A 5-year prospective study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004;6:199-209. Abstract in PubMed

NobelSpeedy™

 

References

1. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M; Petersson U; Wigren S A pilot study of complete edentulous rehabilitation with immediate function using a new implant design case series  Clin Impl Dent Relat Res. 2006;8(4):223-232. Abstract in PubMed

TiUnite^®

TiUnite^® is a highly crystalline and phosphate enriched titanium oxide characterized by a microstructured surface with open pores in the low micrometer range1. The TiUnite^® implant surface has repeatedly proven to give an enhanced bone response compared to machined implant surfaces2-9. Nobel Biocare has received FDA clearance to claim a more rapid bone formation and greater amount of bone in contact with the TiUnite^® surface during healing. The enhanced bone response to TiUnite^® results in faster and stronger osseointegration and, thereby, better maintenance of the implant stability compared to machined titanium implants. When placed in soft bone and immediately loaded, the enhanced osseointegration of Nobel Biocare TiUnite^® implants results in higher success rates compared to machined implants. These claims are supported by extensive research2, 10-31, 50.

In addition to the publications supporting the FDA-cleared claims for the TiUnite^® implant surface, more than fifty references are available, which cover the use of TiUnite^® implants in various clinical and preclinical situations, using different types of protocols, and with various follow-up times32-92.

References

1. Hall J, Lausmaa J. Properties of a new porous oxide surface on titanium implants. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:5-8.

2. Albrektsson T, Johansson C, Lundgren AK, Sul Y, Gottlow J. Experimental studies on oxidized implants. A histomorphometrical and biomechanical analysis. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:21-24.

3. Degidi M, Petrone G Iezzi G, Piatelli A. Histologic evalaution of a human immediately loaded titanium implant with a porous anodized surface. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002;4:110-114.

4. Huang YH, Xiropaidis AV, Sorensen RG, Albandar JM, Hall J, Wikesjö UME. Bone formation at titanium porous oxide (TiUnite) oral implants in type IV bone. Clin Oral Impl Res 2005;16:105-111.

5. Ivanoff C-J, Widmark G, Johansson C, Wennerberg A. Histologic evaluation of bone response to oxidized and turned titanium micro-implants in human jawbone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;3:341-348.

6. Rocci A, Martignoni M, Burgos P, Gottlow J, Sennerby L. Histology of retrieved immediately and early loaded oxidized implants. Light microscopic observations after 5 to 9 months of loading in the posterior mandible of 5 cases. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;12 ( Suppl 1):88-98.

7. Salata LA, Burgos PM, Rasmusson L, Novaes AB, Papalexiou V, Dahlin C, Sennerby L. Osseointegration of oxidized and turned implants in circumferential bone defects with and without adjunctive therapies: an experimental study on BMP-2 and autogenous bone graft in the dog mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;36(1):62-71.

8. Schüpbach P, Glauser R, Rocci A, Martignoni M, Sennerby L, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J. The human bone-oxidized titanium implant interface: a microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, back-scatter electron microscopic, and energy-dispersive X-ray study of clinically retrieved implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):36-43.

9. Zechner W, Tangl S, Furst G, Tepper G, Thams U, Mailath G, Watzek G. Osseous healing characteristics of three different implant types. A histologic and histomorphometric study in mini-pigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:150-157.

10. Balshi SF, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. A prospective study of immediate functional loading following the Teeth in a Day protocol: a case series of 55 consecutive edentulous maxillas. Clin Implant Relat Res 2005;7:24-31.

11. Brechter M, Nilson H, Lundgren S. Oxidized titanium implants in reconstructive jaw surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):83-87.

12. Calandriello R, Tomatis M. Immediate function of single implants using Brånemark System. Prospective one year report of final restorations. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004;4:32-40.

13. Calandriello R, Tomatis M. Simplified treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla via immediate/early function and tilted implants: a prospective 1-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent RelatRes 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):1-12.

14. Calandriello R, Tomatis M, Vallone R, Rangert B, Gottlow J. Immediate occlusal loading of single molars using Brånemark System Wide Platform TiUnite implants: An interim report of a prospective, open-ended clinical multi-center study. Clin Implant Relat Res 2003;5 ( Suppl 1):74-80.

15. Chiapasco M, Gatti C. Immediate loading of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps: a clinical report on 2 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19;906-912.

16. da Cunha HA, Francischone CE, Filho HN, de Oliveira RC. A comparison between cutting torque and resonance frequency in the assessment of primary stability and final toque capacity of standard and TiUnite single-tooth implants under immediate load. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:578-585.

17. Glauser R, Portmann M, Ruhstaller P, Lundgren AK, Hämmerle C, Gottlow J. Stability measurements of immediately loaded machined and oxidized implants in the posterior maxilla. A comparative clinical study using resonance frequency analysis. Appl Osseontegration Res 2001;2:27-29.

18. Glauser R, Ruhstaller P, Windisch S, Zembic A, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CHF. Immediate occlusal loading of Brånemark System TiUnite implants placed in predominanatly soft bone: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl1):52-59.

19. Glauser R, Zembic A, Ruhstaller P, Windisch S. Five-year results of implants with an oxidized surface placed predominantly in soft quality bone and subjected to immediate occlusal loading. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S59-S68.

20. Henry P, Tan A, Allan B, Hall J, Johansson C. Removal toque comparison of TiUnite and turned implants in the Greyhound dog mandible. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:15-17.

21. Maló P, Rangert B, Nobre M. All-on-4 immediate-function concept with Brånemark System implants for completely edentulous maxillae: a 1-year retrospective clinical study. Clin Implant Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):88-94.

22. Olsson M, Urde G, Andersen JB, Sennerby L. Early loading of maxillary fixed cross-arch dental prostheses suppoted by six or eight oxidized titanium implants: Results after 1 year of loading, case series. Clin Implant Relat Res 2003;5 ( Suppl 1):81-87.

23. Renouard F, Nisand D. Short implants in severely resorbed maxilla: a 2-year retrospective clinical study. Clin Implant Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):104-110.

24. Rocci A, Martignoni M, Gottlow J. Immediate loading of Brånemark System with TiUnite and machined surfaces in the posterior mandible. A randomised, open-ended trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;12 ( Suppl 1):57-63.

25. Rompen E, DaSilva D, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J, Sennerby L. Stability measurements of a double-threaded titanium implant design with turned or oxidized surfaces. An experimental resonance frequency analysis study in the dog mandible. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:18-20.

26. Salata LA, Rasmusson L, Novaes AB, Papalexiou V, Sennerby L. The influence of anodic oxidation on implant integration and stability in bone defects. An RFA study in the dog mandible. Appl Osseointegration Res 2002;3:32-34.

27. Vanden Bogaerde L, Pedretti G, Dellacasa P, Mozzati M, Rangert B. Early function of splinted implants in the maxillae and posterior mandibles using Brånemark System TiUnite implants: An 18-month prospective clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5 ( Suppl 1):21-28.

28. Vanden Bogaerde L, Rangert B, Wendelhag I. Immediate/early function of Brånemark System TiUnite implants in fresh extraction sockets in the maxillae and posterior mandibles: an 18-month prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):121-131.

29. van Steenberghe D, Glauser R, Blombäck U, Andersson M, Schutyser F, Pettersson A, Wendelhag I. A computed tomographic scan-derived customized surgical template and fixed prosthesis for flapless surgery and immediate loading of implants in fully edentulous maxillae: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):111-120.

30. Villa R, Rangert B. Early loading of interforaminal implants immediately installed after extraction of teeth presenting endodontic and periodontal lesions. Clin Implant Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):28-35.

31. Östman PO, Hellman M, Sennerby L. Direct implant loading in the edentulous maxilla using a bone density-adapted surgical protocol and primary implant stability criteria for inclusion. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005;7 ( Suppl 1):60-69.

32. Aalam A-A, Nowzari H. Clinical evaluation of dental implants with surfaces roughened by anodic oxidation, dual acid-etched implants, and machined implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:793-798.

33. Achilli A, Tura F, Euwe E. Immediate/early function with tapered implants supporting maxillary and mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures: Preliminary results of a prospective multicenter study. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S52-S58.

34. Alsaadi G, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. The importance of implant surface characteristics in the replacement of failed implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21:270-274.

35. Alsaadi G, Quirynen M, Michiles K, Teughels W, Komarek A,  van Steenberghe D. Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of ailures up to abutment connection with modified surface oral implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2008; 35: 51-57

36. Attard N J, David LA, Zarb GA. Immediate loading of TiUnite implants with mandibular overdentures: One-year clinical results of a prospective study. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18:463-470.

37. Awillo K, Majewski P, Dijakiewicz M. Immediate loading of one-piece implants - Preliminary studies. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15 (4): lii: abstract 182.

38. Balshi SF, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. Analysis of 164 titanium oxide-surface implants in completely edentulous arches for fixed prosthesis anchorage using the ptergomaxillary region. Int J Oral Maxollofac Implants 2005;20:946-952.

39. Becker W, Goldstein M, Becker BE, Sennerby L. Minimally invasive flapless implant surgery: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005; 7 (Suppl 1): 21-27.

40. Bedrossian E, Rangert B, Stumpel L, Indresano T. Immediate function with the zygomatic implant: a graftless solution for the patient with mild to advanced atrophy of the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2006 Nov-Dec;21(6):937-42.

41. Brochu J-F, Anderson JD, Zarb GA. The influence of early loading on bony crest height and stability: A pilot study. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18:506-512.

42. Buch RSR, Biner J, Wegener J, Wagner W, Reichert T. Drei Jahre klinische Erfarung mit der TiUnite-Oberfläche. Z Zahnärztl Impl 2005;21(4) 224-228.

43. Calandriello R, Tomatis M, Vallone R, Ranger B, Gottlow J. Immediate occlusal loading of single lower molars sunign Branemark System Wide-Platform TiUnite implants: an interim report of a prospective open-ended clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2003, 5(1) 74-80

44. Chaussé L. Immediate loading of mandibular short implants: 24 cases at 42 months. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4):lii:abstract 115.

45. Degidi M, Perrotti V, Piattelli A. Immediately loaded titanium implants with a porous anodized surface with at least 36 months of follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006;8:169-177.

46. Duyck J, Vrielink L, Lambrichts I, Abe Y, Schepers S, Politis C, Naert I. Bone response around immediately versus delayed loaded oral implants with ill-fitting prostheses. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4):lii:abstract 108.

47. Finne K, Rompen E, Toljanic J. Clinical evaluation of a prospective multicenter study on 1-piece implants. Part 1: marginal bone level evaluation after 1 year of follow-up.  Int J Oral Maxillofac implants 2007;22(2):226-34.

48. Finne K, Rompen E, Toljanic J. Prospective multicenter study of marginal bone level and soft tissue health of a one-piece implant after two years.  J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S79-S85.

49. Friberg B, Dahlin C, Widmark G, Östman PO, Billström C. One-year results of a prospecitve multicenter study on Brånemark System implants with a TiUnite surface. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005; 7 (Suppl 1): 70-75.

50. Friberg B, Jemt Torsten. Rehabilitation of Edentuous Mandibles by menas of five TiUnite Implants after one-stage surgery: A 1-year retrospective study of 90 patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2008; 1: 47-54.

51. Froberg KK, Lindh C, Ericsson I. Immediate Loading of Branemark System Implants: A Comparison Between TiUnite and Turned Implants Placed in the Anterior Mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006;8:187-197.

52. Glauser R, Schüpbach, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CHF. Machined and oxidized microimplants retrieved from humans: a comparison using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography. EAO 2002. Abstract 64. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2002;13:xxv.

53. Glauser R, Schüpbach P, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CHF. Periimplant soft tissue barrier at experimental one-piece mini-implants with different surface topography in humans: a light-microscopic overview and histometric analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005; 7 (Suppl 1): 44-51.

54. Gottlow J, Henry P, Tan A, Allan B, Johansson C, Hall J. Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of the TiUnite and Osseotite implant surfaces in dogs. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:28-30.

55. Gottlow J, Johansson C, Albrektsson T, Lundgren AK. Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of the TiUnite and Osseotite implant surfaces in rabbits after 6 weeks of healing. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:25-27.

56. Hahn J. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of one-piece implants used for immediate function. Accepted for publication in Journal of Oral Implantology (vol 33 issue mid-June).

57. Hahn J. Clinical evaluation of one-piece implants used for immediate function. European J Dent Implantol 2006;2:1 suppl

58. Hall J, Miranda-Burgos P, Sennerby L. Stimulation of directed bone growth at oxidized implants by macroscopic grooves: an in vivo study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005; 7 (Suppl 1): 76-82.

59. Jungner M, Lundqvist P, Lundgren S. Oxidized titanium implants (Nobel Biocare TiUnite) compared with turned titanium implants (Nobel Biocare mark III) with respect to implant failure in a group of consecutive patients treated with early functional loading and two-stage protocol. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005;16:308-312.

60. Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K, Liddelow G, Henry P, Goodacre CJ. Periimplant tissue response following immediate provisional restoration of scalloped implants in the esthetic zone: A one-year pilot prospective multi-center study. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S109-S118.

61. Knobloch L, Larsen PA, Rashid B, Carr AB Six-month performance of implants with oxidized and machined surfaces restored at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postimplantation in adult beagle dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:350-356.

62. Kyungsoo H, Sungam C, SangHwan K. Comparison of removal torques between anodizing implant and laser treated implant inserted in the rabbit femoral metaphysis. AO 2004 Poster #112.

63. Liddelow G, Henry PJ. A prospective study of immediately loaded single implant-retained mandibular overdentures: Preliminary one-year results. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S126-S137.

64. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M, Petersson U, Wigren S. A pilot study of complete edentulous rehabilitation with immediate function using a new implant design: case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2006;8(4):223-32.

65. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M, Rangert B. Implants placed in immediate function in peridontally compromised sites: A five-year retrospective and a one-year prospective study. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S86-S95.

66. Molly L, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. Influence of implant geometry and surface characteristics on primary stability and osseointegration. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4):lii:abstract 89.

67. Östman PO, Hellman M, Wendelhag I, Sennerby L. Resonance frequency analysis measurements of implants at placement surgery. Int J Prosthodont 2006;19:77-83.

68. Palma VC, Magro-Filho O, de Oliveria JA, Lundgren S, Salata LA, Sennerby L. Bone reformation and implant integration following maxillary sinus membrane elevation: an experimental study in primates. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2006;8(1):11-24.

69. Portmann M, Glauser R. Report of a case receiving full-arch rehabilitation in both jaws using immediate implant loading protocols: a 1-year resonance frequency analysis follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2006;8:25-31.

70. Rao W, Benzi R. Single mandibular first molar implants with flapless guided surgery and immediate function: Preliminary clinical and radiographic study. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97(suppl):S3-S14.

71. Rocci A, Gottlow J. Esthetic outcome of immediately loaded scalloped implants placed in extraction sites using flapless surgery. A 6 month report of 4 cases. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004;4:55-62.

72. Schincaglia GP, Marzola R, Scapoli C, Scotti R. Immediate Loading of Dental Implants Supporting Fixed Partial Dentures in the Posterior Mandible: A Randomized Controlled Split-Mouth Study: Machined Versus Titanium Oxide Implant Surface. Int J Oral Maxillofac implants 2007;22:35-46.

73. Schüpbach P, Glauser R, Guggenheim B. Evaluation of in situ biofilms on machined, acid-etched and oxidized titanium surfaces. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4):li:abstract 82.

74. Schüpbach P, Glauser R, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CHF. Evaluation of the bone tissue around implants by a new microtomographic technique. IADR Abstract. J Dent Res 2002;82.

75. Sennerby L, Miyamoto I. Insertion torque and RFA analysis of TiUnite and SLA implants. A study in rabbit. Appl Osseointegration Res 2000;1:31-33.

76. Siepenkothen T, Clauder A, Mehlau R. Multiple center clinical and radiographic evaluation of one-piece implants. European J Dent Implantol 2006;2:1 suppl

77. Siepenkothen T. Clinical performance and radiographic evaluation of a novel single-piece implant in a private practice over a mean of seventeen months.  J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S69-S78.

78. Stephan G, Vidot F, Noharet R, Mariani P. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures: A comparative pilot study of immediate loading versus delayed loading after two years. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S138-S145.

79. Suketa N, Sawase T, Tanaka Y, Kjellin P, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Atsuta M. Photocatalytic reaction on TiUnite surfaces. EAO 2004. Clin Oral Impl Res 2004;15(4):lii:abstract 127.

80. Turkyilmaz, I. A 3-year prospective clinical and radiologic analysis of early loaded maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns. Int J Prosthodont, 2006; 19(4): 389-90.

81. Turkyilmaz I, Sennerby L, Tumer C, Yenigul M, Avci M. Stability and marginal bone level measurements of unsplinted implants used for mandibular overdentures: a 1-year randomized prospective clinical study comparing early and conventional loading protocols. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:501-505.

82. Turkyilmaz I, Avci M, Kuran S, Ozbek EN. A 4-year prospective clinical and radiological study of maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns using early and delayed loading protocols. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2007 Dec;9(4):222-7. 

83. Turkyilmaz I, Tumer C. Early versus late loading of unsplinted TiUnite surface implants supporting mandibular overdentures:a 2-year report from a prospective study. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Oct;34(10):773-80

84. Tomatis M, Calandriello R, Rangert B. Immediate loading of Brånemark implants with two different surfaces. EAO 2002. Abstract 78. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2002;13(4):abstract 78.

85. Villa R, Rangert B. Immediate and early function of implants placed in extraction sockets of maxillary infected teeth: A pilot study. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(suppl):S96-S108.

86. Watzak G, Zechner W, Busenlechner D, Arnhart C, Gruber R, Watzek G. Radiollgical and clinical follow-up of machined- and anodized-surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 17, 2006/ 651-657

87. Wöhrle P.S, Jovanovic SA A biological approach to predictable natural implant esthetics. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004;4:49-54.

88. Xiropaidis AV, Qahash M, Lim WH, Shanaman RH, Rohrer MD, Wikesjo UM et al. Bone-implant contact at calcium phosphate-coated and porous titanium oxide (TiUnite)-modified oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005;16:532-539.

89. Yildirim M. Die Bedeutung der Oberflächentopographie in der zahnärztlichen Implantologie.  Z Zahnärztl Implantol 2001;56:D30

90. Zechner W, Tangl S, Tepper G, Furst G, Bernhart T, Haas R, Mailath G, Watzek G. Influence of platelet-rich plasma on osseous healing of dental implants: A histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac implants 2003;18:15-22.

91. Zechner W, Tangl S, Tepper G, Furst G, Tepper G, Thams U, Mailath G, Watzek G. Osseous healing characteristics of three different implant types. A histologic and histomorphometric study in mini-pigs. Clin Oral Impl. Res. 14, 2003 / 150-157.

92.Zechner W, Trinkl N, Watzak G, Busenlechner D, Tepper G, Haas, R, Watzek G. Radiologic follow-up of Peri-implant bone loss around machine-surfaced and rough- surfaced interforaminal implants in the mandible functionally loaded for 3 to 7 years. Int Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 19 (2) 2004 / 216-221

 

Groovy Implants

The Nobel Biocare groovy implants incorporate a groove at the implant thread along the entire length of the intraosseous portion of the implant. Histomorphometric analyses in rabbit tibia and femur bone have revealed an affinity for bone formation within and along the groove and have shown that bone formation occurs more often within the groove than on other parts of the implant1,2; the observed preferential bone growth along the groove provides evidence of its osseoconductive properties. Removal torque analyses in rabbit tibia have shown as much as 30% higher values for implants with a groove at the thread compared to control implants without a groove1.

Nobel Biocare has received FDA clearance to claim faster bone formation within the groove resulting in faster integration of the implant and a mechanical interlock, leading to increased stability compared to implants without the groove.

Clinical data on NobelSpeedy™ implants in Immediate Function™ 3-5 placed at periodontally compromised3 and infected sites4 has shown good clinical outcome with respect to stability4,5. Tapered groovy implant system used in suboptimal clinical conditions has been further discussed6, as well as preliminary one year results of NobelActive™ Implants placed in the mandible10 .

At present, Nobel Biocare is sponsoring two clinical pilot studies and one multicenter study on groovy implants7-9.

References

1 Hall J, Miranda-Burgos P, Sennerby L. Stimulation of directed bone growth at oxidized titanium implants by macroscopic grooves: an in vivo study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S76-82.

2 Miranda-Burgos P, On the influence of micro-and macroscopic surface modifications on bone integration of titanium implants. Doctoral thesis. Department of Biomaterials Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University and the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lund University Hospital. Göteborg 2006.

3 Maló P, de Araújo Nobre M, Rangert B. Implants placed in immediate function in peridontally compromised sites: A 5-year retrospective and a 1-year prospective study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97 (suppl) : 86-95.

4 Villa R, Rangert B. Immediate and early function of implants placed in extraction sockets of maxillary infected teeth: A pilot study. J Prosthet Dent., 2007;97 (suppl) : 96-108.

5 Maló P, de Araújo Nobre M, Lopes A. The use of computer-guided flapless implant surgery and 4 implants placed in immediate function to support a fixed denture:Preliminary results after a mean follow-up period of 13 months. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97 (suppl) : 26-34.

6 Hanao G. The Tapered Groovy implant optimizes implant success in suboptimal clinical conditions. Dent Implantol Update, 2006;17:1-4.

7 Pilot study evaluating a modified Brånemark System^® MkIII implant. Ongoing clinical study in one center. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

8 Pilot study evaluating a modified ReplaceSelect Tapered implant. Ongoing clinical study in one center. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

9 Multicenter study evaluating the NobelReplace™ Tapered Groovy Implant. Ongoing clinical study in 8 centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare AB.

10 Evaluation of NobelActive™ Implants. Five-year randomized controlled prospective multi center study in 12 centers. Clinical Research Department, Nobel Biocare Services AG.

Immediate Function™

Historically, implants have been associated with time-consuming surgical procedures. This is no longer the case with the Nobel Biocare implants, since Nobel Biocare has received FDA clearance for Immediate Function™ of all of our implant systems.

Provided high initial stability and controlled loads, the implants can be placed into function immediately after insertion. Implants with the osseoconductive TiUniteâ surface are preferred for Immediate Function™ applications, since the more rapid bone formation on TiUniteâ results in better maintenance of implant stability and faster and stronger osseointegration compared to implants with a machined surface. The advantages of Immediate Function™ are obvious: less traumatic for the patient and a shorter treatment time, resulting in better clinical efficiency.

The Immediate Function™ procedure has been documented in more than 90 independent clinical publications. The studies cover all oral regions and indications (single-tooth restorations, partial and full-arch fixed prostheses, as well as implant-supported overdentures), and show high success rates. The highest success rates have been reported for splinted multiple implants in sites with sufficient bone density, using TiUniteâ implants. The highest risks have been encountered in single-tooth cases in the posterior maxilla in combination with soft bone quality, short implants, long supra-structures and parafunctions.

Author	Year	Implant system	Indication	# pat.	# impl.	Time of loading	Time of follow-up	CSR %
Aalam et al.1	2005	Brånemark system  Mk III	Complete mandible	16	90	At placement	3 years	96.6
Adriaenssens et al. 2	2001	Brånemark system Mk III, Mk IV	Maxillary incisors/ bicuspids, single tooth	25	37	At placement	1 year	94.6
Achilli et al.3	2007	Replace Select Tapered TiUnite	Maxilla & mandible Posterior FPD	51	120	61% at placement 39% after 6 weeks	1 year	100
Albrektsson 4	2008	NobelDirect	Not clearly given	269	492	Within 6 weeks	1  month up to 2 years	88.2
Attard et al. 5	2005	Nobel Biocare, TiUnite	Complete mandible	35	70	After 10 days	1 year	98.6
Balshi & Wolfinger6	1997	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	10	40	At placement	"4.5 months"	80.0
Balshi & Wolfinger7	2005	Brånemark System	Complete maxilla	55	522	At placement	1 up to 4 years	99.0
Balshi et al.8	2005	Brånemark System Machined & TiUnite	Complete mandible & maxilla	51	344	At placement	3 months	98.5
Balshi et al.9	2007	Brånemark System Machined & TiUnite	Maxilla and mandible (no rotational primary stability)	39	44	15 within 1 hour (i) 29 2-stage protocol (d)	retrospective	93.3 (i) 75.9 (d)

Becker et al. 10	2003	Brånemark System Mk III	Complete mandible	20	92	After 5 days	1 to 4 years	96.3
Bedrossian et al. 11	2006	Brånemark System Zygoma MkIV	Complete maxilla	14	83	Within 2 hours	1 up to 2.5 years	100
Brochu et al. 12	2005	Nobel Biocare, TiUnite	Complete mandible	10	20	Within 10 days	4 months	100
Brånemark et al. 13	1999	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	50	150	At placement	1 year	98
Calandriello et al.  14	2003a	Brånemark System (machined)	Single & partial, upper & lower jaws, mainly posterior	26	50	At placement	1 - 2 years	98
Calandriello et al. 15	2003b	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Single molars, mandible	44	50	At placement	6 - 12 months	100
Calandriello et al. 16	2005	Branemark system Mk IV, Replace Select Tapered	Total and partially posterior maxilla	18	60	At placement or within a few days	1 year	96.7
Chiapasco et al. 17	2001	Brånemark System MkII	Complete mandible, 10 pat.: imm.load 10 pat.: 2-stage	10	40	Within 3 days	>2 years	97.5
Chiapasco et al. 18	2003	Brånemark System, ITI, Friatec, HaTi, Mathys	Complete mandible Overdenture	82	328	Day after surgery	3 to 8 years	96.1
Chiapasco et al. 19	2007	16 Nobel Biocare, 7 ITI	Complete mandible (overdenture)	6	23	Day after surgery	1 to 3 years	100
Chow et al. 20	2001a	Brånemark system (machined)	Complete mandible	14	56	At placement	1 year	100
Chow et al. 21	2001b	Brånemark system (machined)	Complete mandible	27	123	At placement	3 - 30 months	98.3
Davo et al. 22	2007	Brånemark System (Zygoma, MkIV)	Complete maxilla	18	104 (36 Z, 68 MkIV)	Within 48 hours	6 – 29 months	97.1
De Bruyn et al. 23	2001	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	20	60	4-53 days	3 mo - 2 years	90
De Bruyn & Collaert 24	2002	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	36	184	0 - 52 days	1 - 2 years	93
Degidi & Piattelli  25	2003	Frialit 2, Frialoc, IMZ, Brånemark System, Maestro, Restore	All indications	152	646	At placement	2 - 60 months	98.6

Degidi et al.  26

2006

Single & Partial Upper & lower jaw

29

142

At placement

3 years

100

Degidi et al. 27	2007	Brånemark System TiU, Ankylos, Frialit-2, Frialoc, IMZ, Maestro, Restore, XiVE	Complete maxilla or mandible	?	133	At placement	4 years	97.7
Degidi et al.  28	2007	Brånemark System, Frialit 2, Frialoc, IMZ, Maestro, restore, Xive TG	Complete mandible	50	200	Day of surgery	Mean: 43 months	100
De Smet et al. 29	2007	Brånemark System, Brånemark Novum	Complete mandibles	30	70	30 day of surgery, 20 after 1 week, 20 after 4 months	1 year	(62 success-fuk)
Dhanrajani & Al-Rafee 30	2005	Mix of Brånemark System and other implant brands	Single tooth	24	24	At placement or the day after	2 to 5 years	83
Duarte et al. 31	2007	Zygomatic implants (machined)	Complete maxillae	12	48	At day of placement	30 months	(45 success-ful)
Engstrand et al. 32	2003	Brånemark System Novum	Complete mandible	95	285	67% at implant placement, the rest 1 - 40 days	1 to 5 years	93.3
Engquist et al. 33 Engquist et al. 34	2004 2005	Brånemark System (MkIII, machined)	Complete mandible	26	104	After 2-3 weeks	1 year 3 years	93
Ericsson et al. 35 Ericsson et al.  36	2000 2001	Brånemark System	Single tooth, incisors	14	14	Within 24 hours	1,5 years 5 years	85.7 85.7
Finne  37	2007	NobelDirect	All indications, mandible	87	152	At placement	1 year	97.9
Finne et al. 38	2007	NobelDirect, NobelPerfect one-piece	All indications	56	82	At placement	2 years	98.8

Fischer 39	2008	Replace Select TiUnite	Maxilla, single tooth, bridges	32	53	Within 16 days	1 year	98.1
Friberg 40	2008	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Complete mandible	90	450	13 to 90 days	1 year	100
Fröberg et al.  41	2006	Brånemark System (machined vs TiUnite)	Complete mandible	15	89 (45 m, 44 T)	Day of surgery	18 months	100
Glauser et al.  42	2001A	Brånemark System (MkIV, machined)	All indications	41	127	Within 1 week	1 year	82.7
Glauser et al. 43	2001B	Brånemark System (machined vs TiUnite)	Partial, posterior maxilla	24 (15 m, 9 T)	47 (27 m, 20 T)	Within 1 week	6 months	100
Glauser et al. 44	2002a	Brånemark system (TiUnite)	Bone quality 4	19	27	At placement	1 year	100
Glauser et al.  45	2003b	Brånemark System (MkIV, TiUnite)	All indications	38	102	At placement	1 year	97.1
Glauser et al. 46	2005c	Brånemark System (MkIV, TiUnite)	All indications	38	102	At placement	4 years	97.1
Glauser et al. 47	2007d	Brånemark System (MkIV, TiUnite)	All indications	38	102	At placement	5 years	97.1
Groisman et al. 48	2003	Replace	Single, maxillary incisors	92	92	At placement	6 - 24 months	93.5
Güncü et al. 49	2008	Brånemark System (MkIII, TiUnite)	Mandible, molar sites	12	12	Day of surgery	1 year	91.6
Hahn 50	2007	NobelDirect	Maxilla & Mandible Single, partial	30	47	At placement	3 years	97.9
Hatano 51	2001	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	35	105	At placement	2 - 36 months	97.7
Hatano  52	2003	Brånemark System (machined & TiUnite)	Complete mandible	43	129	At placement	Final, screwretained bridge	97.6
Henry et al. 53	2003	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	51	153	At placement or within 1 week	1 year	90.7

Hui et al. 54	2001	Brånemark System (machined)	Single tooth, maxillary incisors	24	24	At placement	0-15 months	100
Horiuchi et al. 55	2000	Brånemark System	Edentulous Maxillae (5) Mandibles (12)	14	140 (44 max 96 mand)	At placement	8 - 24 months	97.2
Jungner et al. 56	2005	Brånemark System (Mk III, machined & TiUnite)	Complete mandible	24	92	After 13 – 62 days	> 5 months	100
Kan et al. 57	2003	Replace, HA	Single tooth, anterior maxilla	35	35	At placement	1 year	100
Kan et al. 58	2007	NobelPerfect	Single tooth, maxilla	29	38	At placement	1 year	100
Kan & Rungcharassaeng 59	2003	Replace, HA	Partial anterior maxilla	6	14	At placement	12 - 34 months	100
Kirketerp et al. 60	2002	Replace Select, HA	Single tooth, anterior maxilla	35	36	At placement	1 year	97.2
Kronström et al.  61	2003	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	17	68	Within 2 - 11 weeks	1 year	93
Liddelow et al. 61	2007	Brånemark System MkIII TiUnite	Complete mandible	28	28	89% at placement, 11%after 12 weeks	1 year	100
Malo et al. 62	2000	Brånemark System	Single tooth, Partial, Esthetic zone	49	94	At placement	1 - 2 years	95.7
Malo et al. 63	2003a	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	44	176	At placement	6 months	96.7 98.2
Malo et al.. 64	2003b	Brånemark System (machined)	Single (s), partial (p), upper and lower jaw, esthetic region	76	116 63 (s) 53 (p)	At placement or within few days	1 year	96 94 (s) 98 (p)
Malo et al. 65	2005	Brånemark system TiUnite Mk III & Mk IV	Complete maxilla	32	128	Within 3 hours	1 year	97.6
Malo et al. 66	2006	NobelSpeedy (TiUnite)	Complete maxilla & mandible (All-on-4)	46	189	Day of surgery	1 year	98.9
Malo et al. 67	2007	NobelSpeedy (TiUnite)	Complete maxilla & mandible (All-on-4)	23	92	Day of surgery	1 year	97.8
Maló et al. 68	2007	Brånemark System	All indications	184	433	At placement	5 years	91.0
Marzola et al. 69	2007	Brånemark System MK III TiUnite	Complete mandible (overdenture)	17	34	At placement	1 year	100
Noelken et al. 70	2007	NobelPerfect	Single teeth, esthetic area	20	31	Day of surgery	Up to 27 months	96.8
Olsson et al. 71	2003	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Complete maxilla	10	61	Within 1-9 days	1 year	93.4
Östman et al. 72	2005	Brånemark system, Replace Select Tapered, TiUnite	Complete maxilla	20	123	Within 12 hours	1 year	99.2
Östman et al. 73	2007	NobelDirect NobelPerfect (one-piece)	Crowns and bridges, maxilla and mandible	48	115	Within 6 hours	1 year	94.8

Payne et al. 74	2001	Brånemark System (Conical)	Complete mandible	10	20	After 2 weeks	2 - 52 weeks	100
Petersson et al. 75	2001	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	13		Within 3 weeks	5 years	100
Proussaefs et al. 76 Proussaefs et al. 77	2002 2004	Replace, HA	Single tooth, maxillary premolars	10	10	At placement	1 year	100
Raghoebar et al. 78	2003	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete mandible	40	170	Within 6 weeks	3 years	93
Randow et al. 79 Ericsson et al.	1999 2000	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	16 13	88 72	Within 3 weeks	1,5 years 5 years	100 100
Rao & Benzi 80	2007	Replace Select TiUnite	Mandibular  single, molar	46	51	At placement	1 – 3 years	100
Rocci et al. 81 Rocci et al. 82	2001 2003a	Brånemark System (MkIV, machined)	Maxillary; single & partial	46	97	At placement	1 year 3 years	90.7 90.7 94 (p) 81 (s)
Rocci et al. 83	2003b	Brånemark System (machined vs TiUnite)	Partial, posterior mandibles	22 m 22 T	55 m 66 T	At placement	1 year	86 (m) 96 (T)
Rompen et al. 84	2007	Replace Select TiUnite (prototype)	Maxilla & mandible, single tooth	41	54	96% at placement	Up to 2 years	100
Rungcharassaeng et al. 85	2002	HA, SteriOss	Complete mandible	5	20	After 1-2 weeks	1 year	100
Schincaglia et al. 86	2007	Brånemark System (machined vs TiUnite)	Partial mandible	10	42 (22 m, 20 T)	Within 24 hours	1 year	95.0
Schnitman et al. 87 Schnitman 88 Schnitman et al. 89	1990 1995 1997	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	10	28	At placement	8 - 10 years	85.7
Siepenkothen 90	2007	NobelDirect	Maxilla & mandible, single tooth, partial	58	92	At placement	17 months	100

Sennerby et al. 91	2008	NobelDirect	Maxilla & mandible	43	95	Within 2 weeks	1-18 months	93.7
Stephan et al. 92	2007	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	26	78	65% within 7 days, 35% after 12 weeks	2 years	100
Tarnow et al. 93	1997	Brånemark, ITI, 3i, TiOblast, Bonefit, Astra	Complete mandible & maxilla	10	69	At placement	1 - 5 years	97.4
Author	Year	Implant system	Indication	# pat.	# impl.	Time of loading	Time of follow-up	CSR %
Tawse-Smith et al. 94	2002	SteriOss Southern Implants	Complete mandible	24 12	48 24	After 6 weeks	2 years	70.8 100
Tozum et al. 95	2007	Brånemark System	Complete mandible, overdenture	17	34	53% at implant placement, the rest after 12 weeks	18 months	100
Turkyilmaz 96	2006	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Maxillary single tooth	19	36	After 6 weeks	3 years	94.4
Turkyilmaz 97	2006a	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Complete mandible, overdenture	20	40	50% within 7 days, 50% after 12 weeks	1 year	100
Turkyilmaz 98	2006b	Brånemark System (TiUnite)	Complete mandible, overdenture	26	52	Within 7 days	1 year	100
Turkyilmaz et al. 99	2007	Brånemark System Mk III TiUInite	Maxillary single teeth	29	59	36 after 6 weeks, 23 after 6 months	4 years	94.4
Turkyilmaz & Tumer 100	2007	Brånemark System Mk III TiUnite	Complete mandible, overdenture	20	40	50% within 7 days, 50% after 12 weeks	2 years	100

Vanden Bogaerde 101	2003	Brånemark System (machined)	Partial maxillas & posterior mandibles	31	124	After 1-3 weeks	18 months	96.8
Vanden Bogaerde et al.  102	2004	Brånemark system (TiUnite)	Partial mandibles & maxillas	31	111	Within 16 days	18 months	99.1
Vanden Bogaerde et al. 103	2005	Brånemark System, Mk IV TiUnite	Partial maxillae and posterior mandibles	19	50	At placement	18 months	100
van Steenberghe et al. 104	2002	Brånemark System (machined)	Complete maxilla	8	61	At placement	1 year	100
van Steenberghe et al. 105	2004	Brånemark System (Novum)	Complete mandible	50	150	Within 10 days	1 year	92.7
van Steenberghe et al. 106	2005	Brånemark System Mk III TiUnite	Complete maxilla	27	184	At placement	1 year	100
van de Velde et al. 107	2007	Branemark System Mk III, Mk IV (machined, TiUnite)	Complete mandibles	18	91	At placement	3 years	(88 success-ful)
Vassos 108	1997	HA, SteriOss	Complete mandible	27	125	1 to 5 days after placement	19 days - 4 years	99.2
Villa et al. 109	2005	Brånemark System	Partial or complete mandible	20	97	Within 3 days	1 year	100
Villa et al. 110	2007	Brånemark System	Maxilla, all indications	33	76	At placement	1 year	97.4
Author	Year	Implant system	Indication	# pat.	# impl.	Time of loading	Time of follow-up	CSR %
Wolfinger et al. 111	2003	Brånemark System	Complete mandible	10 d 24 r	40 d 144 r	At placement	5 years 6 mo's to 4 y'rs	80 96.5
Wöhrle 112	1998	SteriOss (TPS, HA)	Single tooth, maxillary incisors	14	14	At placement	9 - 36 months	100

References

1. Aalam AA, Nowzari H, Krivitsky A. Functional restoration of implants on the day of surgical placement in the fully edentulous mandible: a case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7:10-6.

2. Adriaenssens P,Herman M. Immediate implant function in the anterior maxilla: A surgical technique to enhance primary stability for Branemark Mk III amd Mk IV implants. A randomized, prospective clinical study at the 1-year follow-up. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2:17-21.

3. Achilli A, Tura F, Euwe E. Immediate/early function with tapered implants supporting maxillary and mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures: preliminary results of a prospective multicenter study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S52-8.

4. Albrektsson T, Gottlow J, Meirelles L, Ostman PO, Rocci A, Sennerby L. Survival of NobelDirect implants: an analysis of 550 consecutively placed implants at 18 different clinical centers. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2007;9:65-70.

5. Attard NJ, David LA, Zarb GA. Immediate loading of implants with mandibular overdentures: one-year clinical results of a prospective study. Int J Prosthodont, 2005;18:463-70.

6. Balshi TJ,Wolfinger GJ. Immediate loading of Branemark implants in edentulous mandibles: a preliminary report. Implant Dent, 1997;6:83-8.

7. Balshi SF, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. A prospective study of immediate functional loading, following the Teeth in a Day protocol: a case series of 55 consecutive edentulous maxillas. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7:24-31.

8. Balshi SF, Allen FD, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. A resonance frequency analysis assessment of maxillary and mandibular immediately loaded implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2005;20:584-94.

9. Balshi SF, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ. A retrospective analysis of 44 implants with no rotational primary stability used for fixed prosthesis anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007;22:467-71.

10. Becker W, Becker BE, Huffstetlert S. Early functional loading at 5 days for Branemark implants placed into edentulous mandibles: a prospective, open-ended, longitudinal study. J Periodontol, 2003;74:695-702.

11. Bedrossian E, Rangert B, Stumpel L, Indresano T. Immediate function with the zygomatic implant: a graftless solution for the patient with mild to advanced atrophy of the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2006;21:937-42.

12. Brochu JF, Anderson JD, Zarb GA. The influence of early loading on bony crest height and stability: a pilot study. Int J Prosthodont, 2005;18:506-12.

13. Branemark PI, Engstrand P, Ohrnell LO, Grondahl K, Nilsson P, Hagberg K, et al. Branemark Novum: a new treatment concept for rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible. Preliminary results from a prospective clinical follow-up study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 1999;1:2-16.

14. Calandriello R, Tomatis M, Rangert B. Immediate functional loading of Branemark System implants with enhanced initial stability: a prospective 1- to 2-year clinical and radiographic study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:10-20.

15. Calandriello R, Tomatis M, Vallone R, Rangert B, Gottlow J. Immediate occlusal loading of single lower molars using Branemark System Wide-Platform TiUnite implants: an interim report of a prospective open-ended clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:74-80.

16. Calandriello R,Tomatis M. Simplified treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla via immediate/early function and tilted implants: A prospective 1-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S1-12.

17. Chiapasco M, Abati S, Romeo E, Vogel G. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with Branemark System MKII implants: a prospective comparative study between delayed and immediate loading. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2001;16:537-46.

18. Chiapasco M,Gatti C. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: a 3- to 8-year prospective study on 328 implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5:29-38.

19. Chiapasco M, Gatti C, Gatti F. Immediate loading of dental implants placed in severely resorbed edentulous mandibles reconstructed with autogenous calvarial grafts. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2007;18:13-20.

20. Chow J, Hui E, Li D, Liu J. Immediate loading of Branemark system fixtures in the mandible with a fixed provisional prosthesis. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2:30-35.

21. Chow J, Hui E, Liu J, Li D, Wat P, Li W, et al. The Hong Kong Bridge Protocol. Immediate loading of mandibular Branemark fixtures using a fixed provisional prosthesis: preliminary results. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:166-74.

22. Davo R, Malevez C, Rojas J. Immediate function in the atrophic maxilla using zygoma implants: a preliminary study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S44-51.

23. De Bruyn H, Kisch J, Collaert B, Linden U, Nilner K, Dvarsater L. Fixed mandibular restorations on three early-loaded regular platform Branemark implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:176-84.

24. De Bruyn H,Collaert B. Early loading of machined-surface Branemark implants in completely edentulous mandibles: healed bone versus fresh extraction sites. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2002;4:136-42.

25. Degidi M,Piattelli A. Immediate functional and non-functional loading of dental implants: a 2- to 60-month follow-up study of 646 titanium implants. J Periodontol, 2003;74:225-41.

26. Degidi M, Perrotti V, Piattelli A. Immediately loaded titanium implants with a porous anodized surface with at least 36 months of follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2006;8:169-77.

27. Degidi M, Piattelli A, Iezzi G, Carinci F. Immediately loaded short implants: analysis of a case series of 133 implants. Quintessence Int, 2007;38:193-201.

28. Degidi M, Piattelli A, Iezzi G, Carinci F. Retrospective study of 200 immediately loaded implants retaining 50 mandibular overdentures. Quintessence Int, 2007;38:281-8.

29. De Smet E, Duyck J, Vander Sloten J, Jacobs R, Naert I. Timing of loading--immediate, early, or delayed--in the outcome of implants in the edentulous mandible: a prospective clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007;22:580-94.

30. Dhanrajani PJ,Al-Rafee MA. Single-tooth implant restorations: a retrospective study. Implant Dent, 2005;14:125-30.

31. Duarte LR, Filho HN, Francischone CE, Peredo LG, Branemark PI. The establishment of a protocol for the total rehabilitation of atrophic maxillae employing four zygomatic fixtures in an immediate loading system--a 30-month clinical and radiographic follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2007;9:186-96.

32. Engstrand P, Grondahl K, Ohrnell LO, Nilsson P, Nannmark U, Branemark PI. Prospective follow-up study of 95 patients with edentulous mandibles treated according to the Branemark Novum concept. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5:3-10.

33. Engquist B, Astrand P, Anzen B, Dahlgren S, Engquist E, Feldmann H, et al. Simplified methods of implant treatment in the edentulous lower jaw. Part II: Early loading. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2004;6:90-100.

34. Engquist B, Astrand P, Anzen B, Dahlgren S, Engquist E, Feldmann H, et al. Simplified methods of implant treatment in the edentulous lower jaw: a 3-year follow-up report of a controlled prospective study of one-stage versus two-stage surgery and early loading. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7:95-104.

35. Ericsson I, Nilson H, Lindh T, Nilner K, Randow K. Immediate functional loading of Branemark single tooth implants. An 18 months' clinical pilot follow-up study. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2000;11:26-33.

36. Ericsson I, Nilson H, Nilner K. Immediate functional loading of Branemark single tooth implants: A 5-year clinical follow-up study. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2.

37. Finne K, Rompen E, Toljanic J. Clinical evaluation of a prospective multicenter study on 1-piece implants. part 1: marginal bone level evaluation after 1 year of follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007;22:226-34.

38. Finne K, Rompen E, Toljanic J. Prospective multicenter study of marginal bone level and soft tissue health of a one-piece implant after two years. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S79-85.

39. Fischer K, Backstrom M, Sennerby L. Immediate and Early Loading of Oxidized Tapered Implants in the Partially Edentulous Maxilla: A 1-Year Prospective Clinical, Radiographic, and Resonance Frequency Analysis Study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2008.

40. Friberg B,Jemt T. Rehabilitation of edentulous mandibles by means of five TiUnite implants after one-stage surgery: a 1-year retrospective study of 90 patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2008;10:47-54.

41. Froberg KK, Lindh C, Ericsson I. Immediate loading of Branemark System Implants: a comparison between TiUnite and turned implants placed in the anterior mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2006;8:187-97.

42. Glauser R, Ree A, Lundgren A, Gottlow J, Hammerle CH, Scharer P. Immediate occlusal loading of Branemark implants applied in various jawbone regions: a prospective, 1-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:204-13.

43. Glauser R, Portmann M, Ruhstaller P, Lundgren AK, Hammerle CH, Gottlow J. Stability measurements of immediately loaded machined and oxidized implants in the posterior maxilla. A comparative clinical study using resonance frequency analysis. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2.

44. Glauser R, Gottlow J, Lundgren AK, Sennerby L, Portmann M, Ruhstaller P, et al. Immediate occlusal loading of Branemark Mk IV TiUnite implants placed in bone quality type 4. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2002;3.

45. Glauser R, Lundgren AK, Gottlow J, Sennerby L, Portmann M, Ruhstaller P, et al. Immediate occlusal loading of Branemark TiUnite implants placed predominantly in soft bone: 1-year results of a prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:47-56.

46. Glauser R, Ruhstaller P, Windisch S, Zembic A, Lundgren A, Gottlow J, et al. Immediate occlusal loading of Branemark System TiUnite implants placed predominantly in soft bone: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S52-9.

47. Glauser R, Zembic A, Ruhstaller P, Windisch S. Five-year results of implants with an oxidized surface placed predominantly in soft quality bone and subjected to immediate occlusal loading. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S59-68.

48. Groisman M, Frossard WM, Ferreira HM, de Menezes Filho LM, Touati B. Single-tooth implants in the maxillary incisor region with immediate provisionalization: 2-year prospective study. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent, 2003;15:115-22, 124; quiz 126.

49. Güncü MB, Aslan Y, Tumer C, Guncu GN, Uysal S. In-patient comparison of immediate and conventional loaded implants in mandibular molar sites within 12 months. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2008;19:335-341.

50. Hahn JA. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of one-piece implants used for immediate function. J Oral Implantol, 2007;33:152-5.

51. Hatano N. A novel one-day technique for fixed individualised implant-supported prosthesis in the edentulous mandible using Branemark system implants. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2.

52. Hatano N, Yamaguchi M, Suwa T, Watanabe K. A modified method of immediate loading using Branemark implants in edentulous mandibles. Odontology, 2003;91:37-42.

53. Henry PJ, van Steenberghe D, Blomback U, Polizzi G, Rosenberg R, Urgell JP, et al. Prospective multicenter study on immediate rehabilitation of edentulous lower jaws according to the Branemark Novum protocol. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5:137-42.

54. Hui E, Chow J, Li D, Liu J, Wat P, Law H. Immediate provisional for single-tooth implant replacement with Branemark system: preliminary report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:79-86.

55. Horiuchi K, Uchida H, Yamamoto K, Sugimura M. Immediate loading of Branemark system implants following placement in edentulous patients: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2000;15:824-30.

56. Jungner M, Lundqvist P, Lundgren S. Oxidized titanium implants (Nobel Biocare TiUnite) compared with turned titanium implants (Nobel Biocare mark III) with respect to implant failure in a group of consecutive patients treated with early functional loading and two-stage protocol. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2005;16:308-12.

57. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada J. Immediate placement and provisionalization of maxillary anterior single implants: 1-year prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2003;18:31-9.

58. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Liddelow G, Henry P, Goodacre CJ. Periimplant tissue response following immediate provisional restoration of scalloped implants in the esthetic zone: a one-year pilot prospective multicenter study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S109-18.

59. Kan JY,Rungcharassaeng K. Interimplant papilla preservation in the esthetic zone: a report of six consecutive cases. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2003;23:249-59.

60. Kirketerp P, Andersen JB, Urde G. Replacement of extracted anterior teeth by immediately loaded Replace Select HA-coated implants. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2002;3:40-43.

61. Kronström M, Widbom T, Lofquist LE, Henningson C, Widbom C, Lundberg T. Early functional loading of conical Branemark implants in the edentulous mandible: a 12-month follow-up clinical report. J Prosthet Dent, 2003;89:335-40.

62. Malo P, Rangert B, Dvarsater L. Immediate function of Branemark implants in the esthetic zone: a retrospective clinical study with 6 months to 4 years of follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2000;2:138-46.

63. Malo P, Rangert B, Nobre M. "All-on-Four" immediate-function concept with Branemark System implants for completely edentulous mandibles: a retrospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:2-9.

64. Malo P, Friberg B, Polizzi G, Gualini F, Vighagen T, Rangert B. Immediate and early function of Branemark System implants placed in the esthetic zone: a 1-year prospective clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:37-46.

65. Malo P, Rangert B, Nobre M. All-on-4 immediate-function concept with Branemark System implants for completely edentulous maxillae: a 1-year retrospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S88-94.

66. Malo P, Nobre Mde A, Petersson U, Wigren S. A pilot study of complete edentulous rehabilitation with immediate function using a new implant design: case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2006;8:223-32.

67. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M, Lopes A. The use of computer-guided flapless implant surgery and four implants placed in immediate function to support a fixed denture: preliminary results after a mean follow-up period of thirteen months. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S26-34.

68. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M, Rangert B. Implants placed in immediate function in periodontally compromised sites: a five-year retrospective and one-year prospective study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S86-95.

69. Marzola R, Scotti R, Fazi G, Schincaglia GP. Immediate loading of two implants supporting a ball attachment-retained mandibular overdenture: a prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2007;9:136-43.

70. Noelken R, Morbach T, Kunkel M, Wagner W. Immediate function with NobelPerfect implants in the anterior dental arch. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2007;27:277-85.

71. Olsson M, Urde G, Andersen JB, Sennerby L. Early loading of maxillary fixed cross-arch dental prostheses supported by six or eight oxidized titanium implants: results after 1 year of loading, case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:81-7.

72. Östman PO, Hellman M, Sennerby L. Direct implant loading in the edentulous maxilla using a bone density-adapted surgical protocol and primary implant stability criteria for inclusion. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S60-9.

73. Ostman PO, Hellman M, Albrektsson T, Sennerby L. Direct loading of Nobel Direct and Nobel Perfect one-piece implants: a 1-year prospective clinical and radiographic study. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2007;18:409-18.

74. Payne AG, Tawse-Smith A, Kumara R, Thomson WM. One-year prospective evaluation of the early loading of unsplinted conical Branemark fixtures with mandibular overdentures immediately following surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:9-19.

75. Petersson A, Rangert B, Randow K, Ericsson I. Marginal bone resorption at different treatment concepts using Branemark dental implants in anterior mandibles. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2001;3:142-7.

76. Proussaefs P, Kan J, Lozada J, Kleinman A, Farnos A. Effects of immediate loading with threaded hydroxyapatite-coated root-form implants on single premolar replacements: a preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2002;17:567-72.

77. Proussaefs P,Lozada J. Immediate loading of hydroxyapatite-coated implants in the maxillary premolar area: three-year results of a pilot study. J Prosthet Dent, 2004;91:228-233 (Continuation of Proussaefs et al. 2002).

78. Raghoebar GM, Friberg B, Grunert I, Hobkirk JA, Tepper G, Wendelhag I. 3-year prospective multicenter study on one-stage implant surgery and early loading in the edentulous mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5:39-46.

79. Randow K, Ericsson I, Nilner K, Petersson A, Glantz PO. Immediate functional loading of Branemark dental implants. An 18-month clinical follow-up study. Clin Oral Implants Res, 1999;10:8-15 (same material as Ericsson et al. 2000 and Petersson et al. 2001).

80. Rao W,Benzi R. Single mandibular first molar implants with flapless guided surgery and immediate function: preliminary clinical and radiographic results of a prospective study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S3-S14.

81. Rocci A, Martignoni M, Gottlow J, Rangert B. Immediate function of single and partial reconstructions in the maxilla using Mk IV fixtures. A retrospective analysis. Appl Osseointegration Res, 2001;2.

82. Rocci A, Martignoni M, Gottlow J. Immediate loading in the maxilla using flapless surgery, implants placed in predetermined positions, and prefabricated provisional restorations: a retrospective 3-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:29-36.

83. Rocci A, Martignoni M, Gottlow J. Immediate loading of Branemark System TiUnite and machined-surface implants in the posterior mandible: a randomized open-ended clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:57-63.

84. Rompen E, Raepsaet N, Domken O, Touati B, Van Dooren E. Soft tissue stability at the facial aspect of gingivally converging abutments in the esthetic zone: a pilot clinical study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S119-25.

85. Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Kan JY, Kim JS, Campagni WV, Munoz CA. Peri-implant tissue response of immediately loaded, threaded, HA-coated implants: 1-year results. J Prosthet Dent, 2002;87:173-81.

86. Schincaglia GP, Marzola R, Scapoli C, Scotti R. Immediate loading of dental implants supporting fixed partial dentures in the posterior mandible: a randomized controlled split-mouth study--machined versus titanium oxide implant surface. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007;22:35-46.

87. Schnitman PA, Wohrle PS, Rubenstein JE. Immediate fixed interim prostheses supported by two-stage threaded implants: methodology and results. J Oral Implantol, 1990;16:96-105.

88. Schnitman PA. Branemark implants laoded with fixed provisional prostheses at fixture placement. Nine-year follow-up. J Oral Implantol, 1995;21.

89. Schnitman PA, Wohrle PS, Rubenstein JE, DaSilva JD, Wang NH. Ten-year results for Branemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 1997;12:495-503.

90. Siepenkothen T. Clinical performance and radiographic evaluation of a novel single-piece implant in a private practice over a mean of seventeen months. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S69-78.

91. Sennerby L, Rocci A, Becker W, Jonsson L, Johansson LA, Albrektsson T. Short-term clinical results of Nobel Direct implants: a retrospective multicentre analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2008;19:219-26.

92. Stephan G, Vidot F, Noharet R, Mariani P. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures: a comparative pilot study of immediate loading versus delayed loading after two years. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S138-45.

93. Tarnow DP, Emtiaz S, Classi A. Immediate loading of threaded implants at stage 1 surgery in edentulous arches: ten consecutive case reports with 1- to 5-year data. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 1997;12:319-24.

94. Tawse-Smith A, Payne AG, Kumara R, Thomson WM. Early loading of unsplinted implants supporting mandibular overdentures using a one-stage operative procedure with two different implant systems: a 2-year report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2002;4:33-42.

95. Tozum TF, Turkyilmaz I, Yamalik N, Tumer C, Kilinc A, Kilinc K, et al. The effect of delayed versus early loading on nitric oxide metabolism around dental implants: an 18-month comparative follow-up study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2007;22:53-62.

96. Turkyilmaz I. A 3-year prospective clinical and radiologic analysis of early loaded maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns. Int J Prosthodont, 2006;19:389-90.

97. Turkyilmaz I, Sennerby L, Tumer C, Yenigul M, Avci M. Stability and marginal bone level measurements of unsplinted implants used for mandibular overdentures: a 1-year randomized prospective clinical study comparing early and conventional loading protocols. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2006;17:501-5.

98. Turkyilmaz I, Tozum TF, Tumer C, Ozbek EN. A 2-year clinical report of patients treated with two loading protocols for mandibular overdentures: early versus conventional loading. J Periodontol, 2006;77:1998-2004.

99. Turkyilmaz I, Avci M, Kuran S, Ozbek EN. A 4-year prospective clinical and radiological study of maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns using early and delayed loading protocols. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2007;9:222-7.

100. Turkyilmaz I,Tumer C. Early versus late loading of unsplinted TiUnite surface implants supporting mandibular overdentures: a 2-year report from a prospective study. J Oral Rehabil, 2007;34:773-80.

101. Vanden Bogaerde L, Pedretti G, Dellacasa P, Mozzati M, Rangert B. Early function of splinted implants in maxillas and posterior mandibles using Branemark system machined-surface implants: an 18-month prospective clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2003;5 Suppl 1:21-8.

102. Vanden Bogaerde L, Pedretti G, Dellacasa P, Mozzati M, Rangert B, Wendelhag I. Early function of splinted implants in maxillas and posterior mandibles, using Branemark System Tiunite implants: an 18-month prospective clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2004;6:121-9.

103. Vanden Bogaerde L, Rangert B, Wendelhag I. Immediate/early function of Branemark System TiUnite implants in fresh extraction sockets in maxillae and posterior mandibles: an 18-month prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S121-30.

104. van Steenberghe D, Naert I, Andersson M, Brajnovic I, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Suetens P. A custom template and definitive prosthesis allowing immediate implant loading in the maxilla: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2002;17:663-70.

105. van Steenberghe D, Molly L, Jacobs R, Vandekerckhove B, Quirynen M, Naert I. The immediate rehabilitation by means of a ready-made final fixed prosthesis in the edentulous mandible: a 1-year follow-up study on 50 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2004;15:360-5.

106. van Steenberghe D, Glauser R, Blomback U, Andersson M, Schutyser F, Pettersson A, et al. A computed tomographic scan-derived customized surgical template and fixed prosthesis for flapless surgery and immediate loading of implants in fully edentulous maxillae: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S111-20.

107. Van de Velde T, Collaert B, De Bruyn H. Immediate loading in the completely edentulous mandible: technical procedure and clinical results up to 3 years of functional loading. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2007;18:295-303.

108. Vassos DM. Single-stage surgery for implant placement: a retrospective study. J Oral Implantol, 1997;23:181-5.

109. Villa R,Rangert B. Early loading of interforaminal implants immediately installed after extraction of teeth presenting endodontic and periodontal lesions. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2005;7 Suppl 1:S28-35.

110. Villa R,Rangert B. Immediate and early function of implants placed in extraction sockets of maxillary infected teeth: a pilot study. J Prosthet Dent, 2007;97:S96-S108.

111. Wolfinger GJ, Balshi TJ, Rangert B. Immediate functional loading of Branemark system implants in edentulous mandibles: clinical report of the results of developmental and simplified protocols. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2003;18:250-257 (continuation of Balshi & Wolfinger 1997).

112. Wöhrle PS. Single-tooth replacement in the aesthetic zone with immediate provisionalization: fourteen consecutive case reports. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent, 1998;10:1107-1114; quiz 1116.

 

the NobelProcera™ system

The Nobel Biocare NobelProcera™ system was developed for manufacturing of individualized dental restorations. Utilizing the latest scanning, CAD/CAM and manufacturing technologies, high accuracy of technologies, a perfect precision fit is ensured and a perfect precision of fit is ensured. By combining the NobelProcera™  manufacturing technology with the use of alumina and zirconia ceramics, which are biocompatible materials with good mechanical properties, Nobel Biocare provides individualized, highly esthetic dental solutions (1-13).

References

1 Al-Dohan HM, Yaman P, Dennison JB, Razzoog ME, Lang BR. Shear strength of core-veneer interface in bi-layered ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91(4):349-55. Abstract in PubMed

2 Andersson M, Odén A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain. Acta Odontol Scand 1993;51:59-64. Abstract in PubMed

3 Anusavice KJ. Degradability of dental ceramics. Adv Dent Res 1992;6:82-9. Abstract in PubMed

4 Chai J, Takahashi Y, Sulaiman F, Chong K, Lautenschlager EP. Probability of fracture of all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont 2000;13(5):420-4. Abstract in PubMed

5 Esquivel-Upshaw JF, Chai J, Sansano S, Shonberg D. Resistance to staining, flexural strength, and chemical solubility of core porcelains for all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont 2001;14(3):284-8. Abstract in PubMed

6 Harrington Z, McDonald A, Knowles J. An in vitro study to investigate the load at fracture of Procera AllCeram crowns with various thickness of occlusal veneer porcelain. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16(1):54-8. Abstract in PubMed

7 Hegenbarth EA. Procera aluminum oxide ceramics; A new way to achieve stability, precision and esthetics in allceramic restorations. Quintessence Dent Technol 1996;19:21-34.

8 Pallis K, Griggs JA, Woody RD, Guillen GE, Miller AW. Fracture resistance of three all-ceramic restorative systems for posterior applications. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91(6):561-9. Abstract in PubMed

9 Potiket N, Chiche G, Finger IM. In vitro fracture strength of teeth restored with different all-ceramic crown systems. J Prosthet Dent. 2004 Nov;92(5):491-5. Abstract in PubMed

10 Wagner WC, Chu TM. Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 1996 Aug;76(2):140-4. Abstract in PubMed

11 Webber B, McDonald A, Knowles J. An in vitro study of the compressive load at fracture of Procera AllCeram crowns with varying thickness of veneer porcelain. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89(2):154-60. Abstract in PubMed

12 Zeng K, Oden A, Rowcliffe D. Flexure tests on dental ceramics. Int J Prosthodont 1996;9(5):434-9. Abstract in PubMed

13 Zeng K, Oden A, Rowcliffe D. Evaluation of mechanical properties of dental ceramic core materials in combination with porcelains. Int J Prosthodont. 1998 Mar-Apr;11(2):183-9. Abstract in PubMed

14 Snyder MD, Hogg KD. Load-to-fracture value of different all-ceramic crown systems. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 Nov 15;6(4):54-63. Abstract in PubMed

15 Thomas P, Barnstorf S, Summer B, Willmann G, Przybilla B. Immuno-allergological properties of aluminium oxide (Al203) ceramics and nickel sulfate in humans. Biomaterials. 2003 Mar;24(6):959-66. Abstract in PubMed

16 Stappert C.F, Park D.-W, Stappert D, Rekow E.D, Thompson V.P. Damage modes and reliability of Alumina and Zirconia ceramic-layer-structures. J Dent Res 2006;85 (Spec Iss B):abstract 2092.

17 Thompson V.P, Stappert C.F, Kim B, Stappert D, Park D.-W, Pines M, Rekow E.D. Damage and reliability of ceramic and metal-ceramic layer structures. J Dent Res 2006;85(Spec Iss A):abstract 0076.

NobelProcera™ Crown Alumina

The NobelProcera™ Crown Alumina was introduced in 1991, and clinical long-term studies have shown cumulative success rates of 98 % after 5 years, and 92 % after 10 years in function 20-34. Results from long-term studies have also revealed a good prognosis for NobelProcera™ Crown Alumina on posterior teeth (25, 30, 34). In addition, the good precision of fit of the NobelProcera™ Crown Alumina has been repeatedly reported (35-39).

References

20 Andersson M, Odén A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain. Acta Odontol Scand 1993;51:59-64. Abstract in PubMed

21 Andersson M, Razzoog ME, Oden A, Hegenbarth EA, Lang BR. Procera: a new way to achieve an all-ceramic crown. Quintessence Int. 1998 May;29(5):285-96. Abstract in PubMed

22 Bonnard P, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P, Daelemans P, Malevez C. Anterior esthetic rehabilitation on teeth and dental implants optimized with Procera technology: a case report. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2001;13(3):163-71. Abstract in PubMed

23 Brunton PA, Smith P, McCord JF, Wilson NH. Procera all-ceramic crowns: a new approach to an old problem? Br Dent J. 1999 May 8;186(9):430-4. Abstract in PubMed

24 Chai J, McGivney GP, Munoz CA, Rubenstein JE. A multicenter longitudinal clinical trial of a new system for restorations. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77(1):1-11. Abstract in PubMed

25 Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, Corrado M. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns. Quintessence Int. 2005 Feb;36(2):105-13. Abstract in PubMed

26 Haag P, Andersson M, Vult von Steyern P, Odén A. 15 years of clinical experience with Procera^® Alumina. A Review. Appl Osseointegrat Res 2004;4:7-12

27 Hegenbarth EA. Procera aluminium oxide ceramics. A new way to achieve stability, precision, and esthetics in allceramic restorations. 1996 QDT(19): 21-34.

28 Jokstad A. A split-mouth randomized clinical trial of single crowns retained with resin-modified glass-ionomer and zinc phosphate luting cements. Int J Prosthodont. 2004 Jul-Aug;17(4):411-6. Abstract in PubMed

29 Naert I, Van der Donck A, Beckers L. Precision of fit and clinical evaluation of all-ceramic full restorations followed between 0.5 and 5 years. J Oral Rehabil. 2005 Jan;32(1):51-7. Abstract in PubMed

30 Oden A, Andersson M, Krystek-Ondracek I, Magnusson D. Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(4):450-6. Abstract in PubMed

31 Ottl P, Piwowarczyk A, Lauer HC, Hegenbarth EA. The Procera AllCeram system. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2000;20(2):151-61. Abstract in PubMed

32 Razzoog ME, Lang LA, McAndrew KS. AllCeram crowns for single replacement implant abutments. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(5):486-9. Abstract in PubMed

33 Zarone F, Sorrentino R, Vaccaro F, Russo S, De Simone G. Retrospective clinical evaluation of 86 Procera AllCeram™ anterior crowns on natural and implant-supported abutments. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005; 7(Suppl 1) 95-103. Abstract in PubMed

34 Ödman P, Andersson B. Procera AllCeram crowns followed for 5 to 10.5 years: a prospective clinical study. Int J Prosthodont. 2001 Nov-Dec;14(6):504-9. Abstract in PubMed

35 Gottlander R, Adielsson B, Haag P. Efficient manufacturing, precision fit and biocompatibility in the Procera technique for fabrication of dental prosthesis. QDT 1994;17:9-17.

36 May KB, Russell MM, Razzoog ME, Lang BR. Precision of fit: the Procera AllCeram crown. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(4):394-404. Abstract in PubMed

37 Quintas AF, Oliveira F, Bottino MA. Vertical marginal discrepancy of ceramic copings with different ceramic materials, finish lines, and luting agents: an in vitro evaluation. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;92(3):250-7. Abstract in PubMed

38 Sulaiman F, Chai J, Jameson LM, Wozniak WT. A comparison of the marginal fit of In-Ceram, IPS Empress, and Procera crowns. Int J Prosthodont 1997;10(5):478-84. Abstract in PubMed

39 Takahashi T, Gunne J. Fit of implant frameworks: an in vitro comparison between two fabrication techniques. J Prosthet Dent. 2003 Mar;89(3):256-60. Abstract in PubMed

40 Begazo CC, Van Waas M, Feilzer AJ. Two-year Clinical Evaluation of All-Ceramic Crowns. J Dent Res 2004;83(Spec Iss B):abstract 0229. Abstract

41 Galindo ML, Hagmann E, Marinello CP, Zitzmann NU. Long-term clinical results with Procera AllCeram full-ceramic crowns. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116:804-809. Abstract in PubMed

42 Hochstedler JL, Sadan A, Chiche GJ, Mercante DE, Blatz MB. Clinical Survival of Procera AllCeram Ceramic Crowns in Student Clinics. J Dent Res 2005;84(Spec Iss A):abstract 0427. Abstract

43 Kohal RJ, Klaus G, Strub JR. Zirconia-implant-supported all-ceramic crowns withstand long-term load: a pilot investigation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:565-571. Abstract in PubMed

44 Schmidt AE, Wolf BH, Walter MH, Boening KW. Clinical Performance of Procera AllCeram Crowns. J Dent Res 2002;81(Spec Iss A):abstract 1695. Abstract

45 Walter MH, Wolf BH, Wolf AE, Boening KW. Six-year clinical performance of all-ceramic crowns with alumina cores. Int J Prosthodont. 2006 Mar-Apr;19(2):162-3. Abstract in PubMed

46 Kokubo Y, Ohkubo C, Tsumita M, Miyashita A, Vult von Steyern P, Fukushima S. Clinical marginal and internal gaps of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Oral Rehabil 2005;32:526-530. Abstract in PubMed

47 Zitzmann, N., Galindo, M., Hagmann, E., Marinello, C. Clinical Evaluation of Procera^® AllCeram™ Crowns in the Anterior and Posterior Regions. Int J Prosthodont. 2007;20:239-41. Abstract in PubMed

48 Ödman P, Andersson B. Procera^® AllCeram™ crowns followed for 5 to 10.5 years: a prospective clinical study. Int J Prosthodont. 2001 Nov–Dec;14(6):504-9. Abstract in PubMed

49 May KB, Russell MM, Razzoog ME, Lang BR. Precision of fit: the Procera^® AllCeram crown. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(4):394-404. Abstract in PubMed

50 Quintas AF, Oliveira F, Bottino MA.Vertical marginal discrepancy of ceramic copings with different ceramic materials, finish lines, and luting agents: an in vitro evaluation. J Prosthet Dent. 2004 Sep;92(3):250-7. Abstract in PubMed

51 Osório AB, Camacho GB, Demarco FF, Powers JM. Microleakage in full-crown all-ceramic restorations: influence of internal surface treatment, silane application, alumina system, and substrate. Int J Prosthodont. 2007 Mar-Apr;20(2):123-4.

52 Vult von Steyern P, Ebbesson S, Holmgren J, Haag P, Nilner K. Fracture strength of two oxide ceramic crown systems after cyclic pre-loading and thermocycling. J Oral Rehabil. 2006 Sep;33(9):682-9.

53 Zitzmann NU, Galindo ML, Hagmann E, Marinello CP. Clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns in the anterior and posterior regions. Int J Prosthodont. 2007 May-Jun;20(3):239-41.

54 Rao W, Benzi R. First single lower molar implants with flap-less guided surgery and immediate function: clinical and radiographic preliminary results of a prospective study. J Prosthetic Dent 2007;97 (suppl1):S3-S14

55 Villa R, Rangert B. Immediate and early function of implants placed in extraction sockets of maxillary infected teeth: A pilot study. J Prosthetic Dent 2007;97 (suppl1):S96-S108

56 Rompen E, Raepsaet N, Domken O, Touati B, Van Dooren E. Soft tissue stability at facial aspect of gingivally-converging abutments in the esthetic zone: A pilot clinical study. J Prosthet Dent., 2007; 97(suppl):S119-S125.

NobelProcera™ Bridge Alumina

The NobelProcera™ Bridge Alumina was introduced in 1999. Tests have shown that the restorations exceed the biomechanical requirements for all-ceramic fixed partial dentures, and excellent esthetic and functional outcomes have been reported (40).

References

40 Lang B, Maló P, Guedes C, Wang RF, Kang B, Lang L, Razzoog ME. Procera^® AllCeram Bridge. Appl Osseointegrat Res 2004;4:13-21.

NobelProcera™ Crown Zirconia and NobelProcera™ Bridge Zirconia

The NobelProcera™ Crown Zirconia was introduced in 2001, and in 2004 the NobelProcera™ Bridge Zirconia was launched. Zirconia has a flexural strength and fracture toughness almost twice as high as that of alumina, which makes zirconia very resistant to masticatory forces, while still maintaining an exact precision fit (41).

References

41 Sierraalta M, Odén A, Razzoog ME. Material strength of zirconia produced with two methods. J Dent Res 2003;82(Spec Iss A):AADR abstract # 0450 Abstract

42 Att W, Kurun S, Gerds T, Strub JR. Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations after exposure to the artificial mouth. J Oral Rehabil 2006;33:380-386. Abstract in PubMed

43 Cabrera M, Hegenbarth E, Thompson VP, Rekow ED, Stappert CF. Fatigue Analysis of Individualized Zirconia Implant-Abutments and Crowns. J Dent Res  2007;86(Spec Iss A):abstract 0392. Abstract

44 Hogg KD. Load to Fracture of Different All-Ceramic Crown Systems. J Dent Res 2004;83(Spec Iss A):abstract 1825. Abstract

45 Kessler-Liechti G, Mericske-Stern R. Rehabilitation of an abraded occlusion with Procera-ZrO2 all-ceramic crowns. A case report. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116:156-167. Abstract in PubMed

46 Sierraalta M, Razzoog ME. Load to Fracture of Procera Zirconia Bridges. J Dent Res 2006;85(Spec Iss A):abstract 1871. Abstract

47 Sowka M, Thompson VP, Rekow ED, Stappert CF. Damages Modes and Fatigue Analysis of Y-TZP Three-Unit Fixed-Partial-Dentures. J Dent Res  2007;86(Spec Iss A):abstract 0888. Abstract in PubMed

48 Balmer S, Mericske-Stern R. Implant-supported bridges in the edentulous jaw. Clinical aspects of a simple treatment concept. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116:728-739. Abstract in PubMed

49 Engquist B, Åstrand P, Anzen B, Dahlgren S, Engquist E, Feldman H, Karlsson U, Nord PG, Sahlholm S, Svanström P. Simplified method of implant treatment in the edentulous jaw. A controlled prospective study. Part 1: one-stage versus two-stage surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002;4(2):93-103. Abstract in PubMed

50 Sierraalta M, Odén A, Razzoog ME. Material strength of Zirconia produced with two methods. J Dent Res 2003;82(Spec Iss A): abstract # 0450. Abstract

51 Att W, Grigoriadou M, Strub JR. ZrO2 three-unit fixed partial dentures: comparison of failure load before and after exposure to a mastication simulator. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Apr;34(4):282-90

52 Att W, Stamouli K, Gerds T, Strub JR. Fracture resistance of different zirconium dioxide three-unit all-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Acta Odontol Scand. 2007 Feb;65(1):14-21.

53 Larsson C, Holm L, Lövgren N, Kokubo Y, Von Steyern PV. Fracture strength of four-unit Y-TZP FPD cores designed with varying connector diameter. An in-vitro study. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Sep;34(9):702-9.

54 Vult von Steyern P, Ebbesson S, Holmgren J, Haag P, Nilner K. Fracture strength of two oxide ceramic crown systems after cyclic pre-loading and thermocycling. J Oral Rehabil. 2006 Sep;33(9):682-9. PMID: 16922742

NobelProcera™ Implant Bridge

The NobelProcera™ Implant Bridge is produced using CAD/CAM technology and milled out of one piece of pure titanium. Good precision fit, as well as good clinical performance have been reported (42-51). A cumulative survival rate of 98% after 5 years’ of function has been reported (50).

References

43 Engquist B, Åstrand P, Anzen B, Dahlgren S, Engquist E, Feldman H, Kalsson U, Nord PG, Sahlholm S, Svanström P. Simplified method of implant treatment in the edentulous jaw. Part II: Early loading. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004;6(2):90-100. Abstract in PubMed

44 Jemt T, Back T, Petersson A. Precision of CNC-milled titanium frameworks for implant treatment in the edentulous jaw. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12(3):209-15. Abstract in PubMed

45 Parel SM. The single-piece milled titanium implant bridge. Dent Today 2003; 22(2):96-99. Abstract in PubMed

46 Takahashi T and Gunne J. Fit of implant frameworka: an in vitro comparison between two fabricated techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89(3):256-260. Abstract in PubMed

47 Örtorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experiences of CNC-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: 1-year prospective study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2000;2(1):2-9. Abstract in PubMed

48 Örtorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experience of CNC-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 3-year interim report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002;4(2):104-9. Abstract in PubMed

49 Örtorp A, Jemt T, Back T, Jalevik T. Comparison of precision of fit between cast and CNC-milled titanium implant frameworks for the edentulous mandible. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16(2):194-200. Abstract in PubMed

50 Örtorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experiences of computer numeric control-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 5-year prospective study. Clin Impl Dent Relat Res 2004;6(4):199-209. Abstract in PubMed

51 Örtorp A. On titanium frameworks and alternative impression techniques in implant dentistry. Swed Dent J 2005;Suppl(169):3-88.

52 Jemt T, Bergendal B, Arvidsson K, Bergendal T, Karlsson U, Linden B et al. Laser-welded titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous maxilla: a 2-year prospective multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 1998;11:551-557. Abstract in PubMed

53 Riedy SJ, Lang BR, Lang BE. Fit of implant frameworks fabricated by different techniques. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:596-604. Abstract in PubMed

54 Östman PO, Hellman M, Sennerby L. Direct implant loading in the edentulous maxilla using a bone density-adapted surgical protocol and primary implant stability criteria for inclusion. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7 Suppl 1:S60-9. Abstract in PubMed

55 Chu FC, Andersson B, Deng FL, Chow TW. Making porcelain veneers with the Procera AllCeram system: case studies. Dent Update. 2003;30(8):454-8, 460. Abstract in PubMed

56 Örtorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experiences of computer numeric control-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 5-year prospective study. Clin Impl Dent Relat Res 2004;6(4):199-209. Abstract in PubMed

NobelProcera™ Abutments Titanium, Alumina and Zirconia

The NobelProcera™ Abutment Titanium was launched in 1998 and the NobelProcera™ Abutment Alumina and NobelProcera™ Abutment Zirconia were introduced on the market in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Case reports and prospective clinical studies have proven the good performance of these individualized abutments (53-58). Good esthetic results have been reported (59-60). The NobelProcera™ Abutment Alumina was replaced by the NobelProcera™ Abutment Zirconia in June 2005.

References

53 Bonnard P, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P, Daelemans P, Malevez C. Anterior esthetic rehabilitation on teeth and dental implants optimized with Procera technology: a case report. J Esthet Restor Dent 2001;13(3):163-71. Abstract in PubMed

54 Henriksson K, Jemt T. Evaluation of custom-made procera ceramic abutments for single-implant tooth replacement: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. In J Prosthodont 2003;16(6):626-30. Abstract in PubMed

55 Henriksson K, Jemt T. Measurements of soft tissue volume in association with single-implant restorations: a 1-year comparative study after abutment connection surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004;6(4):181-9. Abstract in PubMed

56 Heydecke G, Sieraalta M, Razzoog MF. Evolution and use of aluminium oxide single-tooth implant abutments: a short review and presentation of two cases. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15(5):488-93. Abstract in PubMed

57 Marchack CB, Yamashita T. Fabrication of digitally scanned custom shaped abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(2):113-5. Abstract in PubMed

58 Tan PL, Dunne Jr JT. An esthetic comparison of a metal ceramic crown and cast metal abutment with an all-ceramic crown and zirconia abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91(3):215-8. Abstract in PubMed

59 Cibirka RM, Nelson SK, Rueggeberg FA. Examination of the implant-abutment interface after fatigue testing. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(3):268-75. Abstract in PubMed

60 Lang LA, Sierraalta M, Hoffensperger M, Wang RF. Evaluation of the precision of fit between the Procera custom abutment and various implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18(5):652-8. Abstract in PubMed

61 Adolfi D, de Freitas AJ, Groisman M. Achieving aesthetic success with an immediate-function implant and customized abutment and coping. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2005 Oct;17(9):649-54. Abstract in PubMed

62 Att W, Kurun S, Gerds T, Strub JR. Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent. 2006 Feb;95(2):111-6. Abstract in PubMed

63 Halmoy A-M, Mustafa K, Berg E, Arvidson K. Two-year Prospective Follow-up Report on Nobel Biocare Ceramic Abutments. J Dent Res 2005;84(Spec Iss A):abstract 3299. Abstract

64 Holst S, Blatz MB, Hegenbarth E, Wichmann M, Eitner S. Prosthodontic considerations for predictable single-implant esthetics in the anterior maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Sep;63(9 Suppl 2):89-96. Abstract in PubMed

65 Kucey BK, Fraser DC. The Procera abutment--the fifth generation abutment for dental implants. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66:445-449. Abstract in PubMed

66 Vigolo P, Fonzi F, Majzoub Z, Cordioli G. An in vitro evaluation of titanium, zirconia, and alumina procera abutments with hexagonal connection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006;21:575-580. Abstract in PubMed

67 Cabrera M, Hegenbarth E, Thimpson VP, Rekow ED, Stappert CF. Fatigue analysis of individualized Zirconia implant-abutments and crowns. J Dent Res 2007;86 (Spec Iss A):abstract 0392. Abstract

68 Marchack CB, Yamashita T. Fabrication of digitally scanned custom shaped abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(2):113-5. Abstract in PubMed

69 Holst S, Blatz MB, Hegenbarth E, Wichmann M, Eitner S. Prosthodontic considerations for predictable singleimplant esthetics in the anterior maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Sep;63(9 Suppl 2):89-96. Abstract in PubMed

Curvy™ Abutment

 

References

1. Rompen E, Raepsaet N, Domken O, Touati B, Van Dooren E. Soft tissue stability at facial aspect of gingivally-converging abutments in the esthetic zone: A pilot clinical study. J Prosthet Dent 2007; 97:119-125

Alumina

Studies designed to evaluate the clinical performance of all-ceramic alumina crowns, bridges, and abutments in dental practice have shown good results (14-44). Cumulative success rates of 98% and 92% after 5 and 10 years, respectively, have been reported for alumina crowns (24, 28), and tests have shown that the alumina crowns and bridges exceed the biomechanical requirements for all-ceramic fixed partial dentures 30.  

Moreover, both short and long-term clinical studies have shown good results for the alumina abutments (31-42); a cumulative success rate of 98% after 5 years (39), favorable marginal bone levels, and healthy surrounding soft tissue have been reported (37-39).

References

14 Andersson M, Odén A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain. Acta Odontol Scand 1993;51:59-64. Abstract in PubMed

15 Andersson M, Razzoog ME, Oden A, Hegenbarth EA, Lang BR. Procera: a new way to achieve an all-ceramic crown. Quintessence Int. 1998 May;29(5):285-96. Abstract in PubMed

16 Bonnard P, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P, Daelemans P, Malevez C. Anterior esthetic rehabilitation on teeth and dental implants optimized with Procera technology: a case report. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2001;13(3):163-71. Abstract in PubMed

17 Brunton PA, Smith P, McCord JF, Wilson NH. Procera all-ceramic crowns: a new approach to an old problem? Br Dent J. 1999 May 8;186(9):430-4. Abstract in PubMed

18 Chai J, McGivney GP, Munoz CA, Rubenstein JE. A multicenter longitudinal clinical trial of a new system for restorations. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77(1):1-11. Abstract in PubMed

19 Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, Corrado M. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns. Quintessence Int. 2005 Feb;36(2):105-13. Abstract in PubMed

20 Haag P, Andersson M, Vult von Steyern P, Odén A. 15 years of clinical experience with Procera^® Alumina. A Review. Appl Osseointegrat Res 2004;4:7-12

21 Hegenbarth EA. Procera aluminium oxide ceramics. A new way to achieve stability, precision, and esthetics in all-ceramic restorations. 1996 QDT(19): 21-34.

22 Jokstad A. A split-mouth randomized clinical trial of single crowns retained with resin-modified glass-ionomer and zinc phosphate luting cements. Int J Prosthodont. 2004 Jul-Aug;17(4):411-6. Abstract in PubMed

23 Naert I, Van der Donck A, Beckers L. Precision of fit and clinical evaluation of all-ceramic full restorations followed between 0.5 and 5 years. J Oral Rehabil. 2005 Jan;32(1):51-7. Abstract in PubMed

24 Oden A, Andersson M, Krystek-Ondracek I, Magnusson D. Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(4):450-6. Abstract in PubMed

25 Ottl P, Piwowarczyk A, Lauer HC, Hegenbarth EA. The Procera AllCeram system. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2000;20(2):151-61. Abstract in PubMed

26 Razzoog ME, Lang LA, McAndrew KS. AllCeram crowns for single replacement implant abutments. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(5):486-9. Abstract in PubMed

27 Zarone F, Sorrentino R, Vaccaro F, Russo S, De Simone G. Retrospective clinical evaluation of 86 Procera AllCeram anterior single crowns on natural and implant-supported abutments. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7 Suppl 1:S95-103. Abstract in PubMed

28 Ödman P, Andersson B. Procera AllCeram crowns followed for 5 to 10.5 years: a prospective clinical study. Int J Prosthodont. 2001 Nov-Dec;14(6):504-9. Abstract in PubMed

29 Sadan A, Blatz M, Lang B. Clinical considerations for densely sintered alumina and zirconia restorations: Part 1. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2005; 25:213-19. Abstract in PubMed

30 Lang B, Maló P, Guedes C, Wang RF, Kang B, Lang L, Razzoog ME. Procera^® AllCeram Bridge. Appl Osseointegrat Res 2004;4:13-21.

31 Heydecke G, Sieraalta M, Razzoog MF. Evolution and use of aluminium oxide single-tooth implant abutments: a short review and presentation of two cases. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15(5):488-93. Abstract in PubMed

32 Kucey BK, Fraser DC. The Procera abutment--the fifth generation abutment for dental implants. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66(8):445-9. CR 05:3030/0 May 2005 Abstract in PubMed

33 Marchack CB, Yamashita T. Fabrication of digitally scanned custom shaped abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(2):113-5. Abstract in PubMed

34 Prestipino V, Ingber A. All-ceramic implant abutments. Esthetic indications. J Esthetic Dentistry 1996;8(6):255-262. Abstract in PubMed

35 Prestipino V, Ingber A. Esthetic high-strength implant abutments. Part I. J Esthetic Dentistry 1993;5(1):29-36. Abstract in PubMed

36 Prestipino V, Ingber A. Esthetic high-strength implant abutments. Part II. J Esthet Dent 1993;5(2):63-8. Abstract in PubMed

37 Andersson B, Scharer P, Simion M, Bergstrom C. Ceramic implant abutments used for short-span fixed partial dentures: a prospective 2-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12(4):318-24. Abstract in PubMed

38 Andersson B, Taylor A, Lang BR, Scheller H, Scharer P, Sorensen JA, Tarnow D. Alumina ceramic implant abutments used for single-tooth replacement: a prospective 1- to 3-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2001;14(5):432-8. Abstract in PubMed

39 Andersson B, Glauser R, Maglione M, Taylor A. Ceramic implant abutments for short-span FPDs: a prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16(6):640-6. Abstract in PubMed

40 Henriksson K, Jemt T. Evaluation of custom-made procera ceramic abutments for single-implant tooth replacement: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16(6):626-30. Abstract in PubMed

41 Heydecke G, Sierraalta M, Razzoog ME. Evolution and use of aluminum oxide single-tooth implant abutments: a short review and presentation of two cases. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15(5):488-93. Abstract in PubMed

42 Sadoun M, Perelmuter S. Alumina-zirconia machinable abutments for implant-supported single-tooth anterior crowns. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1997;9(9):1047-53. Abstract in PubMed

43 Galindo ML, Hagmann E, Marinello CP, Zitzmann NU. Lióng-term clinical results with Procera All Ceram full-ceramic crowns. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116:804-809. Abstract in PubMed

44 Sierraalta M, Odén A, Razzoog ME. Material strength of zirconia produced with two methods. J Dent Res 2003;82(Spec Iss A):AADR abstract # 0450. Abstract

45 Walter MH, Wolf BH, Wolf AE, Boening KW. Six-year clinical performance of all-ceramic crowns with alumina cores. Int J Prosthodont. 2006 Mar-Apr; 19(2):162-3. Abstract in PubMed

46 Stappert C.F, Park D.-W, Stappert D, Rekow E.D, Thompson V.P. Damage modes and reliability of Alumina and Zirconia ceramic-layer-structures. J Dent Res 2006;85 (Spec Iss B):abstract 2092.

47 Thompson V.P, Stappert C.F, Kim B, Stappert D, Park D.-W, Pines M, Rekow E.D. Damage and reliability of ceramic and metal-ceramic layer structures. J Dent Res 2006;85(Spec Iss A):abstract 0076.

48 Stappert C.F, Park D.-W, Stappert D, Rekow E.D, Thompson V.P. Damage modes and reliability of Alumina and Zirconia ceramic-layer-structures. J Dent Res 2006;85 (Spec Iss B):abstract 2092.

49 Thompson V.P, Stappert C.F, Kim B, Stappert D, Park D.-W, Pines M, Rekow E.D. Damage and reliability of ceramic and metal-ceramic layer structures. J Dent Res 2006;85(Spec Iss A):abstract 0076.

Zirconia

Zirconia has a flexural strength and fracture toughness almost twice as high as that of alumina, which makes zirconia very resistant to masticatory forces, while maintaining an exact precision fit (43, 44). Clinical studies designed to evaluate zirconia abutments have shown high success rates and good esthetic results, with healthy mucosal conditions and stable marginal bone levels (45-50). Furthermore, compared to titanium, zirconia has been shown to accumulate less bacteria in vivo in terms of presence and total number of potential putative pathogens (51, 52). Clinical studies evaluating the performance of zirconia crowns and bridges are ongoing.

References

45 Cibirka RM, Nelson SK, Rueggeberg FA. Examination of the implant-abutment interface after fatigue testing. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(3):268-75. Abstract in PubMed

46 Glauser R, Sailer I, Wohlwend A, Studer S, Schibli M, Scharer P. Experimental zirconia abutments for implant-supported single-tooth restorations in esthetically demanding regions: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17(3):285-90. Abstract in PubMed

47 Degidi M, Artese L, Scarano A, Perotti V, Gehrke P, Piattelli A. Inflammatory infiltrate, microvessel density, nitric oxide synthase expression, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and proliferate activity in peri-implant soft tissues around titanium and zirconium oxide healing caps. J Periodontol. 2006 Jan;77(1):73-80. Abstract in PubMed

48 Lang LA, Sierraalta M, Hoffensperger M, Wang RF. Evaluation of the precision of fit between the Procera custom abutment and various implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18(5):652-8. Abstract in PubMed

49 Kessler-Liechti G. Mericske-Stern R. Rehabilitation of an abraded occlusion with Procera-Zro2 all-ceramic crowns. A case report. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116:156-167

50 Tan PL, Dunne Jr JT. An esthetic comparison of a metal ceramic crown and cast metal abutment with an all-ceramic crown and zirconia abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91(3):215-8. Abstract in PubMed

51 Scarano A, Piattelli M, Caputi S, Favero GA, Piattelli A. Bacterial adhesion on commercially pure titanium and zirconium oxide disks: an in vivo human study. J Periodontol 2004;75(2):292-6. Abstract in PubMed

52 Rimondini L, Cerroni L, Carrassi A, Torricelli P. Bacterial colonization of zirconia ceramic surfaces: an in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17(6):793-8. Abstract in PubMed

53 Yildirim M, Fischer H, Marx R, Edelhoff D. In vivo fracture resistance of implant-supported all-ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 2003;90(4):325-31. Abstract in PubMed

54 Stappert C.F, Park D.-W, Stappert D, Rekow E.D, Thompson V.P. Damage modes and reliability of Alumina and Zirconia ceramic-layer-structures. J Dent Res 2006;85 (Spec Iss B):abstract 2092.

55 Thompson V.P, Stappert C.F, Kim B, Stappert D, Park D.-W, Pines M, Rekow E.D. Damage and reliability of ceramic and metal-ceramic layer structures. J Dent Res 2006;85(Spec Iss A):abstract 0076.

Alumina and Zirconia

The increased demand for improved esthetics, along with the preference for non-metal restorative materials have increased the use of dental ceramics. The ceramic materials used for Nobel Biocare’s all-ceramic crowns, bridges, laminates and abutments consist of densely sintered, high purity (99.5%) aluminum oxide (alumina) and yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide (Y-TZP zirconia). These ceramic materials possess several desirable characteristics for use in modern dentistry, including biocompatibility and good mechanical properties1-16.

Alumina
Studies focused on evaluating the clinical performance of all-ceramic alumina crowns, bridges, and abutments in dental practice have shown good results2,17-45. Cumulative success rates of 98% and 92% after 5 and 10 years, respectively, have been reported for alumina crowns22,26,30,31. Tests have shown that the alumina crowns and bridges exceed the biomechanical requirements for all-ceramic fixed partial dentures33. Moreover, both short and long-term clinical studies have shown good results for the alumina abutments35-45; a cumulative success rate of 98% after 5 years43, favourable marginal bone levels, and healthy surrounding soft tissue have been reported41-43.

Zirconia
Zirconia has a flexural strength and fracture toughness almost twice as high as that of alumina, which makes zirconia very resistant to masticatory forces, with maintained exact precision of fit46,47,56. Clinical studies aiming at evaluating zirconia abutments have shown high success rates and good esthetic results, with healthy mucosal conditions and stable marginal bone levels48-52. Furthermore, compared to titanium, zirconia has been shown to accumulate less bacteria in vivo in terms of presence and total number of potential putative pathogens53,54. Data also reveal that the tissues around zirconia healing caps undergo a lower rate of inflammation-associated processes compared to titanium55. Clinical studies evaluating the long-term performance of zirconia crowns and bridges are ongoing.

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